Last test

Bone Count In Babies Vs. Adults

Bone Count In Babies Vs. Adults

Babies: 300

Adults: 206

Diaphysis

Shaft, or length, of bone

Epiphysis

Enlarged ends of long bones

Epiphyseal plate

(growth plate): Between epiphysis and diaphysis, has not been converted from cartilage to bone yet

Periosteum

Outer, tough covering of diaphysis

Osteon

unit of bone

Haversian canals

Canals that allow blood vessels, nerves,and lymph vessels to reachall of bone

Lamellae

Cylinder-shapedlayers of calcium matrixaround HCs

Lacunae

Spaces between lamellae containing bone cells

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that make osteocytes

osteoclasts

Bone cells that break down osteocytes to give bone shape

Ossification

Process of cartilage becoming bony

Teeth

• Enamel: Hardest tissue in body; protects tooth from temperature changes and bacteria

• Dentin: Hard as bone; what makes teeth yellow

  • Where cavities form

• Pulp: nerves and blood vessels

  • Includes root canal

• Cementum: Holds tooth in place

• Gums (gingiva) surround teeth/bone for support

Articular cartilage:

• Cartilage in joints; reduces friction between bones

ligaments

connect bone to bone

articulations

anywhere where bones meet

Simple Fracture

clean break

Greenstick Fracture

incomplete break

Compound Fracture

pierces through skin

Impacted fracture

bones driven into eachother

Comminuted fracture

more than two breaks in a bone

Complicated fracture

break damage other organs

Kyphosis

• excessive outward spine curvature (hunchback)

Lordosis

inward spine curvature sbencer bermann

Scoliosis

sideways curve of spine

Rickets

occurs in children; vitamin D & calcium deficiency

Osteoporosis

loss of bone tissue

tendon

attaches muscle to bone

I band

where only actin is

A band

Where both actin and myosin are

M line

Mid-line; myosin anchored here

Z lines/discs

ends of sarcomere

Put the steps of muscular contraction in chronological order:

__Troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way of the binding site

__Calcium moves into the sarcomere

__Myosin heads attach to the binding sites

__Action potential from neuron sends acetylcholine (ACh) into the muscle fiber

__ATP allows myosin head to pull, overlapping myosin and action

__Calcium binds to troponin

__ATP allows myosin to detach from actin to either rest or reset for another pull

Steps:

Step 4

Step 2

Step 5

Step 1

Step 6

step 3

step 7

Slow Twitch muscle

• Fatigue resistant

• sustained, smaller movement

• postural control

Fast Twitch

• Larger, more powerful movement

• shorter duration

• fatigue quickly

• anaerobic

Muscle Fatigue

• Increased acidity

• disruption of calcium

• low atp

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Friction from excessive use of wrist/hand tendons causes sheaths around tendons to get inflamed

Compartment syndrome

causes blood to be cut off in one area of muscle which causes blood to well up in another area

Hernia

• Diaphragmatic: Hole in diaphragm allows abdominal organs to go into chest cavity

• Inguinal: Hole in inguinal wall allows abdominal organs to go into inguinal region

• Umbilical: Hole in belly button area allows intestines to slip out, common in newborns

Rigor mortis

• “Stiffness of death” for 15-20 hours after death, caused by lack of ATP (can’t undo contraction)

Muscle cramps

involuntary contraction in a normally-voluntary muscle; caused by imbalances in hormones or electrolytes

Botulism

• causes acetylcholine to malfunction and therefore paralysis

Tetanus

Causes difficulty swallowing, lockjaw, headaches, death; prevented with tetanus vaccine

Polio

Viral disease, causes progressive paralysis and atrophy (decay/weakening) of muscles

Muscular Dystrophies

• Genetic disease causing muscle fibers to not form and function correctly; different muscles weaken and become unusable