CSDS 102 - STUDY GUIDE 2

What is the composition of the larynx?

• Multiply applied cartilaginous skeleton

• Intrinsic muscle system 

• Covered with various types of epithelium

What is the location of the larynx?

• Is in the inferior part of the pharynx (laryngopharynx) 

• Midline cervical structure

What are the parts of the phonatory system?

• Hyoid bone 

  • Suspended below mandible

  • Only bone not connected to another bone

• Laryngeal cartilage

  • Unpaired 

    • Thyroid cartilage 

    • Cricoid cartilage 

    • Epiglottis

  • Paired 

    • Arytenoid cartilage 

    • Corniculate cartilage

    • Cuneiform cartilage 

    • Triticeal cartilage 

  • Thyroid Cartilage 

• Laryngeal ligaments 

  • Extrinsic 

    • Thyrohyoid ligament

    • Cricotracheal ligament 

  • Intrinsic 

    • Conus elasticus 

    • Vocal ligament 

    • Cricothyroid  ligament 

    • Vestibular ligament 

Glottis 

• space between the vocal folds 

What are the primary functions of respiration?

• to support life functioning by providing functioning for exchanging gases for cell metabolism

What are the secondary functions of respiration?

• To provide a column of air to manipulate for speech and swallowing

What are the components of the trachea?

• COMPONENTS 

  • 16-20 cartilaginous “C” rings that are open in the back

  • Connective tissue - supports movement patterns needed for breathing, swallowing, and body movements

  • Corina - divides into two stems leading to the lungs (bifurcates)

• EXTRA INFO

  • Sits anterior to the esophagus 

  • Extends down from inferior border of larynx to the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra

Where do the vocal ligaments attach?

• Posterior side of the thyroid laminae

Where on the arytenoids do several intrinsic muscles attach?

• both attachments are within the laryngeal structure

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments and muscles?

• Intrinsic - Both attachments to the larynx are inside 

  • Conus elasticus 

  • Vocal ligament 

  • Cricothyroid  ligament 

  • Vestibular ligament 

• Extrinsic - Attach to the larynx at one end and another structure outside the larynx on the other end

  • Thyrohyoid ligament 

  • Cricothyroid ligament

What are the functions of intrinsic muscle?

• To control the length and tension of vocal ligaments

• To control the degree of glottal opening 

• To modify the opening of the laryngeal inlet

What are the functions of extrinsic muscle?

• Control the posture of the larynx in relationship to the other head/neck structures 

• Assist in swallowing and pharyngeal resonance 

What is the most efficient respiratory pattern? 

• Normal respiratory pattern

  • Diaphragmatic/Abdominal: maximum displacement occurs below the ribs 

    • NORMAL pattern GOOD efficiency 

What are the types of respiratory patterns and their characteristics?

• Normal respiratory pattern - MOST EFFICIENT PATTERN 

  • Diaphragmatic/Abdominal: maximum displacement occurs below the ribs 

    • NORMAL pattern GOOD efficiency 

  • Thoracic: Maximum displacement is in the thorax 

    • NORMAL pattern but NOT AS EFFICIENT as diaphragmatic 

  • Clavicular: Maximum displacement is in upper chest with pronounced clavicular movement 

    • ABNORMAL, INEFFICIENT pattern used when starving for air 

In what structure does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Alveoli - tiny sack at the ends of the bronchi where gas exchange occurs

What are the respiratory responses to the presence of a foreign object or irritation, and how is the airway protected during swallowing?

RESPONSES

• Coughing or throat clearing - to force something out of the respiratory passageway

HOW AIRWAY IS PROTECTED WHEN SWALLOWING

• the epiglottis directing swallowed objects to the esophagus

• vocal fold closure

What occurs in the respiratory system to assist with physical exertion?

• Abdominal fixation - process of impounding air in thorax to stabilize the torso does for physical exertion 

What is phonation?

• producing sounds by rapid opening and closing vocal folds

What are the characteristics of “normal” phonation?

• Glottis Cycle: one opening and closing of the vocal folds 

• Vocal fold closure:

  • Closure maintained as long as speaker intends to produce voice, or runs out of air 

  • Characteristics of closed vocal folds will drive pitch 

  • Air pressure will drive loudness 

  • Subglottal air pressure builds up until it forces vocal folds to open

• Glottis Cycle

• Vocal fold opening:

  • Subdivided into when vocal folds are moving away from midline due to being blown open from subglottal air pressure (opening phase) and when they are approaching midline (closing phase) 

Tidal volume

• volume of air used in quiet breathing 

Frequency

• the number of times the opening/closing cycle of the glottis repeats itself every second

Pitch

• What we perceive (how high, how low)

What is the relationship between frequency and pitch?

• Frequency - the number of times the opening/closing cycle of the glottis repeats itself every second 

• Pitch - What we perceive (how high, how low)

• Their relationship is that they are fundamental to sound perception

Pitch is measured by…

• Pitch (the perception of frequency)  is measured by 

  • Hertz (Hz) = unit of measurement for frequency 

Loudness is measured by….

• Loudness (the perception of amplitude) is measured by 

  • decibel (dB) = the unit of measure for amplitude

Where does normal glottal opening and closing occur?

• In the anterior ⅔ of the glottis 

What tissue surrounds the glottis?

• cartilaginous tissue

What does the voice sound like when vocal fold tension is significantly reduced?

• the voice will sound breathy

What is the outcome of frequent use of forceful adduction when talking?

• forceful adduction can lead to painful contact ulcers

modal phonation

• the phonatory pattern a person uses during daily conversation

Glottal fry

• When the vocal quality is crackly and popping 

  • Low pitch (30-80 Hz) 

  • High vocal fold tension 

  • Syncopated vibration instead of rhythmic 

Falsetto

• vocal technique producing high-pitched airy sounds 

  • Vocal folds vibrated in a way to allow the person to reach notes that are above their normal range

Overtone Phonation

• making two sounds - makes use of a primary sound along with an overtone

What is the location of the thorax?

• Cavity created by the rib cage 

• Superior to the diaphragm 

What is the location of the abdomen?

• Space containing organs of digestion

• inferior to the diaphragm 

What is the location of the torso?

• Thorax and abdomen

What are the conditions that fall under Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

• Asthma

• Emphysema

• Chronic Bronchitis

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

• group of diseases involving obstruction of airflow or inhibition of diffusion of gases through alveoli 

What is the function of the diaphragm?

• helps to separate the thorax and the abdomen