9th Grade History Ch. 9

Triple Entente

Alliance formed against Germany—Britain, France, and Russia

Trench warfare

Fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, conditions were extremely poor

Lawrence of Arabia

British officer who urged Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords

Bolshevik Revolution

Led by Lenin, party who wanted to violently revolt against the capitalist system seized power on November 6, 1917

Total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all the citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefield

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy, and Russia

Armistice

A truce or agreement to end fighting, one signed by Germany’s Social Democrat government

League of Nations

One of Wilson’s 14 points, designed to prevent future wars

War of attrition

A war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses, describes WWI

Which nations were the first to get involved in the initial conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary?

Germany (Austria-Hungary’s ally) and Russia (Serbia’s ally)

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s proposals for a peace settlement at the Paris Peace Conference (promoted self-determination)

Initially, the war effort on the Western Front was characterized by…

Limited mobility (stalemate)

As the war progressed, both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers sought allies in order to…

Resolve the stalemate on the Western Front and to generally gain strength and security

Civil war broke out in Russia after World War I because…

When the Bolsheviks seized power, those loyal to the czar opposed the new Communist government

Negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference were complicated by…

Britain and France’s wishes to declare Germany responsible for WWI and punish the nation

Germany was especially opposed to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles because it…

Declared Germany responsible for WWI and forced them to pay reparations for all damages to the Allies during the war

A major cause of the Bolshevik Revolution was…

The Bolsheviks believed Czar Nicholas was incompetent, as he made many military and economic errors

One legacy of WWI was…

Governments gained more control over their citizens

Why were tensions heightened among countries in Europe after 1900?

MAIN (full explanation on another card)

Serbia angered Austria-Hungary when it…

assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Why was there tension in Europe?

MAIN—Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

What was Bismarck trying to accomplish?

Peace by forming an alliance against France

Who were the members of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente?

Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia

Triple Entente—Britain, France, Russia

Who was Franz Ferdinand? Why was he assassinated?

Archduke of Austria-Hungary, assassinated by the Black Hand because they wanted freedom from Austria-Hungary

What was the Schlieffen Plan and why did it fail?

Plan to attack France and Russia simultaneously (two-front war). It failed because Russia mobilized too quickly and British reinforcements were too powerful.

Explain the significance of 5 new weapons during the war.

-Machine gun (made war much more brutal, led to trench warfare)

-Poison gas (had both physical and psychological consequences)

-Armored tanks (allowed for decisive battles, like the Allies' effort against Germany on the Western front)

-Submarines (German unrestricted submarine warfare brought the US into the war)

-Airplanes (could attack ground targets like enemy communications)

Who fought at Gallipoli, and what was their goal?

Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand against the Ottoman Empire to establish supply lines to Russia

Explain two reasons why the United States entered the war.

-German unrestricted submarine warfare (particularly the sinking of the Lusitania)

-The Zimmerman Telegram revealed Germany’s plan to ally with Mexico against the US

What did Russian soldiers lack during the war?

Proper equipment—food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, blankets

Explain the main idea of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany was deemed responsible for WWI and would have to pay for all the damages to the Allies. The League of Nations was created in an effort to prevent future wars.