sociocultural ib psychology

social identity theory

the theory that a person has several social selves which correspond to group membership

who was sit proposed by?

Tajfel (1979)

social identity theory

the theory that a person has several social selves which correspond to group membership

who was sit proposed by?

Tajfel (1979)

what are the 3 key components of SIT?

social categorisation

social identification

social comparison

Robbers Cave Experiment (Sherif et al)

group of boys divided into two groups; created group identity, the groups were encouraged to bond creating intergroup conflict.

social cognitive theory

humans learn behaviour through observational learning e.g role models

cognitive factors

attention

retention

motivation

potential

what does sct argue?

learning is more likely to occur if a person has a high self-efficacy

Bandura's bobo doll experiment

In this experiment children watched a model attack a doll and then the children were put in a room with toys including the same doll and children it was found that the kids who watched the model were much more likely to imitate the actions.

stereotypes

a social perception of an individual in terms of group membership

attribution bias

a person's tendency to make errors in judgement based on cognitive factors

confimation bias

people overlook information if it contradicts what they believe

stereotype threat

the fear that you will confirm a negative stereotype about a group that you belong to. When people are faced with a stereotype threat, they often get nervous and perform worse, thus confirming the stereotype

Steele and Aronson (1995)

Aim

To investigate the effect of stereotype threat on performance in a test.

Method:

Gave a 30 minute verbal test to African American and European-American participants.

Tested two groups of the participants and told one group that it was an articulation test whilst the other group was told it was a laboratory task.

Findings

African Americans scored lower than the European Americans when they were told it was an articulation test but when told it was a laboratory test the African Americans scored higher than the European Americans.

Conclusion

Shows that stereotype threat can affect an individual"s performance in a task.

cultural dimensions

an aspect of a culture that can be measured relative to other cultures and how societies values affect behaviour

who proposed cultural dimensions theory?

Hofstede

Individualism vs. Collectivism

the worth of an individual versus the worth of a group

Berry's conformity experiment

Used three different cultures: the Temne of Sierra Leone, a society that is based on rice farming and then the Inuit people in Canada, which survives by hunting and fishing. Lastly, he used Scots as a reference group. The control group was made up of both urban and rural Scots. There were approximately 120 participants in each group.

They used Asch's conformity experiment.

The Temne, which is the collectivistic culture, had a much higher rate of conformity when told what other Temne believed, even though it was incorrect. The Inuits, on the other hand, had even a lower rate of conformity than the Scots

acculturation

the process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviours of that culture

enculturation

the process of adopting or internalising the schemas of your culture

culture

a dynamic system of rules, explicit and implicit, share by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life

cultural norms

these are the rules which indicate the expected behaviour in a group

berry's strategies

integration

assimilation

seperation

marginalisation

Schwartz's Theory of Basic Values

-people in all cultures recognize-some values conflict with one another whereas others are compatible-the "structure" of values refers to these relations of conflict and congruence among values-structured in similar ways across culturally diverse groups-there is a universal organization of human motivations-individuals and groups differ substantially in the relative importance they attribute to the values-individuals and groups have different value "priorities" or "hierarchies"

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

Tricked teachers into believing that one set of children were about to blossom forth intellectually during the current school year; children made significant IQ gains

-some studies support Pygmalion effect and other do not; implications for ethnic minority and low-income families

Dov Cohen

Researcher who performed experiments on students to determine whether or not Southerners are typically more aggressive than Northerners; his experiment included insulting the students, walking down a narrow hallway and seeing who moved out of the way sooner, and reading a story about a man flirted with another man's wife; his results showed that typically, Southerners are more aggressive than Northerners