Unit 7 (copy)

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43 Terms

1
What is photosynthesis?
The process of converting light energy into chemical energy.
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2
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
Light reactions and the Calvin Cycle.
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3
What occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Light energy is absorbed by pigments and converted into two forms of chemical energy: ATP and NADPH.
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4
What is the general equation of photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 2H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
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5
What drives photosynthesis?
Energy from the sun.
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6
What are the two categories of organisms based on their food acquisition?
Autotrophs (organisms that make their own food) and heterotrophs (organisms that consume food to live).
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7
What is a photoautotroph?
An organism that uses light energy to produce food.
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8
Where does photosynthesis occur within plant cells?
In chloroplasts.
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9
What pigment is primarily involved in photosynthesis, and where is it located?
Chlorophyll, found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
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10
What are mesophyll tissues?
Tissues in plants that contain cells with chloroplasts, facilitating photosynthesis.
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11
How do CO₂ and O₂ enter and exit the chloroplast?
Through small openings called stomata.
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12
Describe the membrane structure of chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts have three membranes: inner and outer membranes, and the thylakoid membrane which contains pigment molecules and forms thylakoids.
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13
What is the stroma in a chloroplast?
The fluid-filled region between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane.
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14
Where do the light-dependent reactions occur?
In the thylakoid membrane.
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15
Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) take place?
In the stroma of chloroplasts.
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16
What are ATP and NADPH's roles in photosynthesis?
They serve as energy intermediates that provide the energy and electrons needed to synthesize carbohydrates during the Calvin Cycle.
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17
What is light energy, and how does it travel?
Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as waves.
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18
Define wavelength.
The distance between peaks in a wave pattern.
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19
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
It encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
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20
What are photons?
Particles that light possesses, exhibiting both wave-like and particle-like properties.
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21
What happens when light energy contacts a pigment?
The light may pass through the object, change the path, or be absorbed.
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22
What is a pigment?
A molecule that absorbs light energy, boosting an electron to a higher energy level, known as the excited state.
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23
What occurs when an electron is in an excited state?
This condition is unstable and can release energy in several ways: as heat, light, or by transferring energy to a nearby electron (resonance energy transfer).
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24
Name the two types of chlorophyll and their function.
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b; they reflect green light and are bound to the thylakoid membrane.
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25
What are carotenoids?
A type of pigment that reflects red, yellow, and orange light.
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26
What is an absorption spectrum?
A graph that plots a pigment’s light absorption as a function of the light’s wavelength.
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27
What are Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI)?
Two distinct complexes of protein and pigment molecules in thylakoid membranes vital for photosynthesis.
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28
Describe the function of PSII.
PSII is the initial step in photosynthesis where light excites electrons, and water is oxidized to create O₂.
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29
How do electrons move through the electron transport chain?
Electrons pass through two protein complexes, maintaining an H+ gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
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30
What is the main role of PSI?
To synthesize NADPH by transferring electrons to NADP+ Reductase.
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31
Define phosphorylation in the context of chloroplasts.
The process of ATP synthesis where H+ ions move through ATP synthase due to the electrochemical gradient established by the movement of electrons.
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32
How is the H+ electrochemical gradient created in chloroplasts?
Through the oxidation of water, movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, and the formation of NADPH, which uses H+ from the stroma.
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33
What is linear electron flow?
A mechanism that harvests light energy, resulting in the production of ATP and NADPH in roughly equal amounts.
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34
Explain cyclic photophosphorylation.
A pattern of electron flow that results in the production of only ATP and does not involve the reduction of NADP+.
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35
Describe the Z scheme of photosynthesis.
This model represents how electrons change energy levels; beginning at low energy in non-excited pigments, gaining energy in PSII, losing energy in the electron transport chain, and gaining energy again in PSI before reducing NADP+.
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36
What are the three steps of the Calvin Cycle?

1. Carbon Fixation

2. Reduction and Carbohydrate Production

3. Regeneration of RuBP

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37
What factors can alter the operation of the Calvin Cycle?
Temperature, water availability, and light intensity.
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38
What is photorespiration, and why is it harmful for plants?
When CO₂ is low and O₂ is high, Rubisco adds O₂ to RuBP, reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis.
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39
What are CAM plants?
Plants that have unique leaf anatomy to minimize photorespiration, thriving in warm, arid climates by closing their stomata to conserve water.
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40

Carbon Fixation

CO₂ is incorporated into RuBP, catalyzed by Rubisco.

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41

Reduction and Carbohydrate Production

ATP and NADPH convert the fixed carbon into G3P, forming glucose.

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42

Regeneration of RuBP

RuBP is regenerated for the cycle to continue.

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43

Resonance energy transfer

Transferring energy to a nearby electron.

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