Mid Terms Study Guide: Biology

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

Where is the DNA located for eukaryotes?

The nucleus

Purpose of DNA

Carries genetic instructions that code for traits of organisms

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

The cytoplasm

3 components of a DNA nucleotide?

Sugars, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

3 components of an RNA nucleotide?

Sugars, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Monomer nucleic acids?

Nucleotide

4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

4 nitrogenous bases in RNA?

uracil, adenine, cytosine, and guanine

Base pairing in DNA

A to T and G to C

Base pairing in RNA

A to U and G to C

What is the backbone of DNA made of?

Sugar and phosphate

Bonds connecting nitrogenous base?

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds between A and T?

2

Hydrogen bonds between G and C?

3

Why are hydrogen bonds considered weak?

They are easily broken

DNA structure

Double-Stranded double helix

DNA shape in prokaryotes

Circular

DNA shape in eukaryotes

Linear

5’ end of DNA has what?

Free phosphate group

3’ end of DNA has?

Free hydroxyl group

What carries the genetic code?

the DNA

What determines different traits?

Sequences of bases

First person to visualize DNA's 3D structure?

Franklin Franklin

Enzymes that unwind DNA?

Helicase

Y-shaped DNA structures during replication?

Replication forks

Enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides?

DNA Polymerase III

Starting point for DNA Polymerase?

Primer

What is the primer made of?

Shoet nucleic acid sequences

Enzyme that seals DNA fragments?

DNA ligase

Ends of chromosomes are called what?

Telomeres

Enzyme that replicates telomeres?

Telomerase

Study of biological inheritance?

Genetics

What are the two types of reproduction?

Asexual and sexual

A specific characteristic?

Trait

Factors passee from parents to offsping?

Genes

Location of genes?

Loci

Different forms of a gene?

Alleles

Mendel's law of Inheritance?

Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive

Genetic makeup of an organism?

Genotype

Physical expression of genes?

Phenotype

Two identical alleles?

Homozygous

Two different alleles?

Heterozygous

Incomplete dominance?

Neither allele is completely dominant

Codominance

Both alleles are fully expressed

Gene with more than two alleles?

Multiple alleles

Central Dogma

DNA to RNA to Protein

Copying DNA to RNA?

Transcription

Enzyme used in transcription?

RNA Polymerase

Function of RNA polymerase?

Adds nucleotides and proofreads RNA

Types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

Introns?

Noncoding regions removed during processing

Exons?

Coding regions that remain

Genetic code read in groups of?

Codons (3 bases)

What is start code?

AUG

Amino acid coded by AUG

Methionine

Stop codons?

UAA, UAG, and UGA

tRNA matching bases?

Anticodons

Translation?

mRNA used to synthesize proteins

Mutations?

Changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure

Mutation affecting one base pair?

Point mutation

Shifting in reading frame?

Frameshift mutation

5 types of mutations?

Insertion, deletion, translocation, duplication, and inversion

Cause of some mutations?

Spontaneous errors or environmental factors