ocean warming

ocean warming

caused by the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

loss of habitat, and metabolic and reproductive changes, coral bleaching (raise bathyl and abyssal zone, reef dies, warm water holds less dissolved oxygen, warm water increases metabolism, increased need for O2)

ocean warming can effect marine species in a variety of ways...

coral bleaching

occurs when the loss of algae within corals causes the corals to bleach white, some recover, some die

ocean acidification

the decrease in ph of the oceans primarilly due to an increase in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere

acidic

as more CO2 is released into the atmosphere, oceans absorb large part of that CO2 and become more \_____

calcium carbonate

ocean acidification damages coral because acidification makes it difficult for them to form shells due to loss of \_____ \_____

H+, OH-

acid has high \_____ base has high \____

CO2+ H2O--\> H2CO3

how does rainwater get acidic

burning fossil fuels

we increase CO2 in atmosphere by

marine clarifiers

ocean acidization leads to smaller \______ \_____

CACO3

lime formula

habitat, sequester CO2, oxygen production, control erosion, participate in hydraulic cycle, influence local climate, support energy flow and matter cycling

what do forests provide

population control, species interaction, biodiversity

what does forest habitat provide

climate control, matter recycling

what does sequester CO2 provide

air purification

what does oxygen production of forests provide

soil renewal

what does control erosion of forests provide

water purification

what does participating in hydraulic cycle of forests provide

evapotranspiration

what does influencing local climate of forests provide

30, climate zones

forests cover \____% of earths surface and occur in all \_____ \____

boreal, taiga

types of polar forests

temperate deciduous forests, temperate rainforests (N CA)

types of temp forests

tropical rainforests

types of tropical forests

Evapotranspiration

trees cool the air, occurs when plants carry out photosynthesis, causes evaporative cooling

fuel wood, lumber, pulp for paper, mining, recreation, jobs

economic benefits of forests

old growth forests

uncut or regenerated forests that has not had significant impact in several hundred years

cypress knees, pnuemafor, buttress trees

characteristics of old growth forests

second growth forest

stand of trees resulting from natural secondary ecological succession following removal from human activities or natural forests

plantation or farm forests

managed tract of uniformly aged trees of 1 or 2 species ex: rubber tree farms, lack of genetic diversity

clearcutting

results in all trees being removed, can be economically advantageous but leads to soil erosion, increases soil and stream temperature, and flooding

releases

forests contain trees that absorb pollutants and store CO2 so cutting and burning trees \_____ CO2 and contributes to climate change

sustainable forestry

mitigation of deforestation, includes reforestation and buying sustainably harvested wood

IPM and removal of affected trees

methods to protect forests from insects

prescribed burn

a method by which forests are set on fire under controlled conditions in order to reduce fire fuel and occurrence and intensity of natural fires

selective cutting

must sustainable type of harvesting

selective cutting

intermediate aged or matured trees in an uneven aged forest are cut singly or in small parts

overcrowding is reduced, diseased trees removed, encouraged growth of younger trees, maintains stands of different species and ages

benefits of selective cutting

strip cutting

more sustainable variation of clear cutting

strip cutting

a strop of land is cut along a contour allowing for natural regeneration, a few years later another strip is cut

155, 40%

US national forest system consists of \_____ natural forests managed by the US forest service, \___ of all US forests is protected (loosely)

grown, cut down

since 1920 more wood is \_____ than \____ \____

tree plantations

old growth and diverse second growth forest have been replaced with \______ \______

lost, 10x, 7x

timber sales on federal lands has \______ $ for the past 100 years, recreation and hunting in natural forests provide \____ the $ to the national economy and \__ m ore jobs

GW NF and Jefferson NF

national forests in VA

forest fires

excessive ground material has accumulated on the forest floor resulting in extremely high fuel loads

public and private acres

large wildfires now threaten millions of.....

ground fire

occur on the ground, often below the leaves in peat, may smolder

surface fire

occur on the ground up to 1.3 m high

crown fire

occur in tops of trees, most dangerous, spread fastest

5 benefits of forest fires

\-burn away ground material that can build up, causing more damaging crown fires

\-release beneficial nutrients and minerals bound up in the ground material

\-release seeds of certain species of trees

\-control pathogen and insect populations

\-restore wildlife habitat for deer, moose, elk, and quail

temperate deciduous forest

what forest is not fire dependent

grasslands, temperate rainforests of pacific, out west, Mediterranean of CA

fire dependent systems

federal forest fire policy

1995 federal wildlife management policy and program review led to revised policy,

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Salt water intrusion

near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer