Deviance - Chapter 8 Mental health and illness

What percentage of adults experience mental illness in any given year?

20 percent

By what age have 50% of Canadians experienced a mental disorder?

By age 40

Which groups are more likely to experience mental illness?

LGBTQ2IA+, racialized, immigrant, refugee, and ethnocultural minority communities, as well as first responders.

What are 'Equity Denied Groups'?

Communities that face significant barriers in participating in society due to factors like age, ethnicity, disability, and discrimination.

What are the global economic costs of depression and anxiety?

US$1 trillion per year

What percentage of people with mental illnesses globally do not receive treatment?

80 percent

What percentage of Canadians with mental illness do not receive treatment?

50 percent

What are some reasons people do not receive treatment for mental illness?

Lack of services, negative perception of treatment, discomfort with self-disclosure, neglect within communities, fear of stigmatization.

How does media framing affect perceptions of mental illness?

It often portrays individuals as unpredictable, violent, and dangerous, leading to dehumanization and discrimination.

What is 'self-stigma'?

The internalization of negative societal attitudes toward mental illness, which can impede recovery.

What is 'Mad Studies'?

A field of scholarship focused on the experiences and politics of individuals who identify as mentally ill or neurodivergent.

What was the focus of Michel Foucault's 'Madness and Civilization'?

The evolution of the meaning of madness in European culture and critique of historical methods.

What is deinstitutionalization?

The shift from institutional treatment of mental illness to community-based care, beginning in the 1960s.

What are some potential outcomes of deinstitutionalization?

Increased homelessness and criminality among individuals with mental illness.

What is the 'Deviance Dance' in the context of mental health?

The process of resisting stigmatization and inadequate care while navigating the mental health system.

What are stigma management techniques?

Strategies used by individuals to cope with and manage the stigma associated with mental illness.

What criticisms exist regarding the DSM?

Concerns about the inclusion of certain disorders, methodological shortcomings, and the influence of the pharmaceutical industry.

What was the significance of Rosenhan's 1973 study?

It highlighted the precarious and dehumanizing nature of psychiatric treatment and the issues of labeling.

How do social factors influence the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness?

Differential diagnosis based on race, leading to misdiagnosis and varying treatment approaches.

What are the key points regarding mental illness in Canada?

Anyone can develop a mental illness, but social factors influence prevalence; it incurs costs to individuals and society; and it is controlled through stigmatization and medicalization.

What percentage of adults experience mental illness in any given year?

20 percent

By what age have half of Canadians experienced a mental disorder?

By age 40

Which groups show higher prevalence of mental illness?

LGBTQ2IA+, racialized, immigrant, refugee, ethnocultural minorities, and first responders

What macro-level forces can impact mental illness prevalence?

Economic recessions and the COVID-19 pandemic

Which demographic is more likely to experience mental illness?

Youth, especially as they approach high school graduation and postsecondary students (identity formation, transition period, making adult choices).

What are the global economic costs of depression and anxiety?

US$1 trillion per year

What percentage of people with mental illnesses globally do not receive treatment?

80 percent

What are some reasons people do not receive treatment for mental illness in Canada?

Lack of services, negative perception of treatment, discomfort with self-disclosure, neglect within communities, fear of stigmatization

How does media framing affect perceptions of mental illness?

It often portrays individuals with mental illness as unpredictable, violent, and dangerous

What is self-stigma in the context of mental illness?

The internalization of negative stereotypes about mental illness, which can hinder recovery

What was the goal of deinstitutionalization in mental health care?

To provide treatment within communities rather than institutions

What is a potential negative outcome of deinstitutionalization?

Increased homelessness among individuals with mental illness

What is the 'deviance dance' in relation to mental health?

The process of resisting stigmatization and inadequate care while navigating psychiatric treatment

What are stigma management techniques?

Strategies used by individuals to cope with stigma associated with mental illness

What criticisms have been made regarding the DSM?

Inclusion of certain disorders, methodological shortcomings, and influence from the pharmaceutical industry

What was the conclusion of Rosenhan's study on psychiatric treatment?

Psychiatric treatment can be precarious and dehumanizing

How do social factors influence diagnosis and treatment of mental illness?

White individuals are more likely to be medicalized, while Black individuals are often criminalized

What are the key points regarding mental illness in Canada?

Anyone can develop mental illness, but social factors create variations; it bears costs to individuals and society; it is controlled through stigmatization and medicalization.

What are the two dimensions of mental illness according to Caplan?

The experience of the mental disorder (specific symptoms) and the social dimension (meanings and labels given to symptoms+ how people perceive and treat those with mental illness).

How does mental illness affect social treatment?

It influences how people choose to treat individuals with mental illness.

What does contemporary sociological research on mental illness focus on?

It focuses on stigmatization, experiences of self, and the social construct of mental illness.

Define mental disorder.

A psychological, biological, or behavioral dysfunction that interferes with daily life and is associated with significant distress and impaired functioning.

What are the criteria for a condition to be classified as a mental disorder?

It must impact daily functioning and cannot just be a temporary bad week.

What are DMS and ICD?

Diagnostic handbooks that outline the types of thoughts, moods, and behaviors that constitute a mental disorder and the circumstances under which they occur.

What percentage of Canadians will experience mental health issues directly or indirectly?

The majority of Canadians, with approximately 20% experiencing mental health issues and 50% experiencing a mental disorder by age 40.

What was the percentage increase in mental disorders from 2007 to 2017?

A 13% increase, with mood and anxiety disorders being the most common.

Which social groups are more susceptible to mental illness?

LGBTQ2IA+, immigrants or refugees, ethnocultural minorities, members of racialized groups, and people in certain occupations.

What is etiology in the context of mental illness?

The study of the causes or origins of mental illness, including genetic, biological, and psychological factors.

How do childhood experiences relate to mental illness in adulthood?

Differing factors such as childhood experiences are associated with a greater risk of mental illness in adulthood.

According to Ross et al., what factors contribute to mental illness?

Individual attributes like managing thoughts and emotions, as well as social, cultural, economic, political, and environmental factors.

What is the significance of community social support in mental health?

It is one of the environmental factors that can influence mental health outcomes.

What is the impact of mental illness on daily functioning?

Mental illness can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life.

What role does stigma play in mental illness?

Stigma can affect how individuals with mental illness are perceived and treated by society.

What is the relationship between mental illness and social constructs?

Mental illness is shaped by social constructs that influence how symptoms are understood and labeled.

Why is it important to consider social groups when studying mental health?

It helps identify how various factors contribute to the risk of mental illness across different populations.

What are common types of mental disorders identified in research?

Mood disorders and anxiety disorders are among the most common.

What hypothesis suggests that lower socioeconomic status contributes to mental illness?

The social causation hypothesis.

How does Robert Merton's strain theory relate to mental illness?

It posits that strain from the gap between institutionalized goals and legitimate means can lead to mental illness.

What is retreatism in the context of mental health?

Retreatism is when individuals give up on pursuing goals and legitimate means, leading to behaviors like substance abuse or job loss.

What does the social selection hypothesis propose?

It suggests that individuals with mental disorders may fall into lower economic strata due to difficulties in daily functioning.

Which mental disorders are commonly associated with social causation?

Mood and anxiety disorders.

What correlation has been observed between economic recessions and mental health?

Higher rates of suicide, mood, and anxiety disorders peak during and after economic recessions.

What percentage increase in suicide rates was observed by the early 21st century due to economic recession?

A 33% increase in deaths and suicides attributed to unemployment and recession effects.

At what age group is mental illness most commonly diagnosed?

Mental illness is more common in young adults, with symptoms often appearing during childhood.

What percentage of junior and senior high school students in Ontario reported moderate to severe psychological distress?

Approximately 39% reported such distress.

What did the study by Boak and colleagues reveal about psychological distress near high school graduation?

It found that the closer students were to graduation, the higher the proportion reporting psychological distress.

What is a significant issue faced by Indigenous youth regarding mental health?

Suicide rates among Indigenous youth are 4-6 times higher than non-Indigenous youth.

What percentage of Indigenous youth suicides occur in only 10% of communities?

90% of Indigenous youth suicides.

What are some costs associated with ineffectively treated mental illness?

Costs include unemployment, impaired family bonding, and lost tax revenues.

What is the estimated global cost of depression and anxiety disorders annually?

US$1 trillion every year.

What percentage of people with mental disorders do not receive treatment globally?

80% of people with mental health conditions do not have access to high-quality, affordable treatments.

What barriers do individuals in high-income countries face regarding mental health treatment?

Barriers include lack of services, financial constraints, and stigma.

What does the subjectivist perspective (Wolff) suggest about cost of illness estimates?

It suggests that these estimates should be viewed with caution as they do not account for social contributions of individuals with mental disorders.

What are common reasons people do not seek help for mental health issues?

Presumed reactions of others and societal stigma.

How does media contribute to the stigmatization of mental illness?

Media often frames individuals with mental illnesses as unpredictable, violent, and dangerous.

What was the finding of Scarf and colleagues regarding media influence on attitudes towards mental illness?

Those who watched 'Joker' showed increased prejudice towards mental illness compared to those who watched 'Terminator'.

What did Boysen and colleagues discover about attitudes towards mental illness?

They found that people with mental illness were often dehumanized in societal perceptions.

What perception did DeLenardo and Terron find regarding individuals with mental disorders?

They are sometimes viewed as making excuses to avoid responsibilities and having weak character.

What is self-stigma?

The process of stigmatizing oneself for a particular behavior or characteristic, which can lower self-esteem and increase feelings of demoralization.

How does self-stigma affect treatment effectiveness?

Negative emotions become more pervasive, symptoms grow in severity, and the effectiveness of treatment is hindered.

What is medicalization of mental disorders?

The process by which psychiatrists determine which thoughts or behaviors constitute mental illness, incorporating these into diagnostic manuals like the DSM or ICD.

What role does medicalization play in social control?

It explains that individuals with mental illnesses have thoughts and behaviors that are deviant, causing significant distress and impairments in daily functioning.

What were the early beliefs about the cause of mental illness?

Mental illness was often seen as a result of demonic possession, leading to treatments that included physical torture.

What were madhouses and their purpose?

Madhouses were built in the 18th century to house criminals and poor people with mental illness, not to treat them but to separate them from 'normal' citizens.

What replaced madhouses in the 19th century?

Asylums, where doctors began to focus on treating mental illness rather than merely housing individuals.

What are psychiatric institutions?

Facilities that evolved from asylums into mental hospitals, which continued to grow until the 1950s, often using inhumane treatments like lobotomies.

What is deinstitutionalization?

The process of shifting the social control of people with mental illnesses from institutions to community-based programs.

What is the contemporary approach to treating mental disorders?

It includes a range of treatment options such as psychotherapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, medication, and social supports.

What is the 'Housing First' approach?

A strategy to combat homelessness and mental illness by providing individuals with safe housing first, followed by tailored treatment programs.

What is the social typing process in relation to homelessness?

The phenomenon where homeless individuals face stigma not only for being mentally ill but also for being homeless.

What is the media's role in perpetuating mental illness stereotypes?

Media often portrays individuals with mental disorders as violent and dangerous, despite them being more likely to be victims of crime.

What did Penrose propose regarding mental health care and the criminal justice system?

He suggested a hydraulic relationship exists between the mental health care system and the criminal justice system.

What is the disease paradigm in mental health?

A view that emphasizes the symptoms of mental disorders that distress and impair functioning, seeking to alleviate those symptoms.

What is the deviance dance?

The act of resisting and fighting back against inadequate treatment and social rejection faced by individuals with mental disorders.

What is the discrimination paradigm in mental health?

A perspective that highlights the role of stigmatization in the daily experiences of individuals with mental illnesses.

What is the technique 'try to pass' in stigma management?

A method where individuals choose to hide their mental disorders to resist stigmatization.

What is 'deflecting' in stigma management?

A technique where individuals distance themselves from stigmatizing labels, viewing their mental illness as a small part of their identity.

What is 'challenging' in stigma management?

A technique where individuals confront or educate others about stigmatizing forces, leading to better quality of life and higher self-esteem.

What did Rosenhan's study reveal about psychiatric diagnoses?

It demonstrated how social factors and biases can influence psychiatric diagnoses, as pseudo patients were misdiagnosed despite being healthy.

What is the sick role in mental health?

A societal role assigned to ill individuals that allows them temporary reprieve from responsibilities without blame.