Honors History Chapter 15 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Overview

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Scientific Revolution

Knowledge about the universe.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric theory, stating that the sun is the center of the universe and other planets rotate around it.

Galileo Galilei

Improved the telescope and came into conflict with the church.

Isaac Newton

Invented the reflecting telescope, developed calculus, and formulated the laws of gravity.

Andreas Vesalius

Known as the 'Father of Anatomy' for publishing 'On the Fabric of the Human Body.'

Paracelsus

Conducted the first clinical study of disease and established the usage of chemicals in treating illness.

William Harvey

Referred to as the 'Father of Experimental Biology' for studying the heart and blood circulation, paving the way for modern medicine.

Edward Jenner

Developed the smallpox vaccine.

Joseph Priestly

Discovered ammonia, oxygen, nitrous oxide, hydrochloric acid, and carbon dioxide.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

Known as the 'Father of Modern Chemistry.'

Age of Reason

A period where people used reason under the authority of scripture to expose errors in theology and philosophy.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that emphasized reason and individualism rather than tradition.

Rationalism

The belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

Empiricism

The philosophy that all knowledge comes from experience.

Dualism

The belief in two types of reality: mind (spiritual world) and matter (physical world).

Pantheism

The belief that everything in the universe is one 'god.'

Philosophes

Writers and social critics who spoke for the enlightened attitude that man could solve society's problems.

Montesquieu

Advocated for the separation of powers in government: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Voltaire

Criticized abuses in society, especially political and religious intolerance.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote 'The Social Contract' and believed in a government based on the consent of the governed.

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning from a simple premise to a more complex truth.

Vaccine

An inoculation against disease.