science test 2

* Competitions
* Predation
* Parasitism
* Mutualism
* Commensalism

Are all types of......

species interactions

competition

Common use of a resource in short supply

interspecific competition

Competition between individuals of different species

competitive exclusion principle

No 2 species can have exact same niche. \n One will better compete and eliminate the other

Using only parts of resource \n \n Using at different times \n \n Using in different ways \n \n Are all ways in.....

resource partitioning

Predation

One species feed on another

predator

Feeds on prey

prey avoid capture by

Speed \n Protection \n Camouflage \n Poison \n Warning coloration \n Mimicry \n Deceptive looks \n Deceptive behavior

Predators may capture prey by

Speed \n Pursuit and ambush \n Camouflage \n Chemical warfare \n Cooperation

Coevolution

Simultaneous evolution of two species \n \n Evolution of one species in relationship is partially dependent on the evolution of the other

Parasitism

Much smaller than host \n Rarely kills the host \n Host-interaction lead to coevolution \n Plants and animals have it too

Mutualism

Relationship between 2 species which both benefit

example of mutualism

Flowers and their pollinators \n \n Nutrition \n \n Protection relationship \n \n Gut inhabitant

Commensalism

Relationship between 2 species which benefits to 1 but neutral or no benefit to the other

population change

(Births + Immigration)- (Deaths + Emigration) \n \n Is where it can grow, shrink it remain stable

Carrying capacity (K)

Maximum Population a given habitat can sustain \n \n Population can exceed habitats carrying capacity and crash

human carrying capacity

Ireland - potato crop in 1845 \n \n Bubonic plague- 14th century \n \n AIDS- global epidemic

ecological succession

Replacement of one community by another

pioneer species

1st step in ecological succession species that invade or colonize the are \n Creates soil from rocks usually

example of ecological succession

New volcanic island or forest clear by man

mature/climax community

Stable, end community of succession that is capable of self-perpetuation

primary succession

Sequential development of communities in a bare area that never copied by a community of organisms

Examples of primary succession

Sand dunes \n Bare rock \n Volcanic island \n With no soil in a terrestrial system \n Takes 100 to 1000 of years \n Need to build up soil/sediments to provide necessary nutrient

secondary succession

More common sequential development communities in an area which natural vegetation been removed or destroy

Yellowstone following the 1998 fire became a

Secondary ecological succession

What are Natural systems

Biologically diverse \n Renewable solar energy \n Little if any \n Recycle \n Shared among many species

greenhouse gases

Gases in the earth's atmosphere that causes the greenhouse effect

greenhouse effect

Is the trapping and buildup of heat in the atmosphere

How is natural greenhouse effect what else increase a good thing?

it made the earth warm enough for life to exist

If man adds ___ __and other______ even more heat is trapped

carbon dioxide and gasses

The ice melted from the last age over 10,000 yrs ago raised...

Sea levels

Since when did man added larger quantity of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses?

Industrial Revolution

What major source of carbon dioxide did it come from?

Burning fossil fuel and burning wood

With an increase of CO(2) what else got impacted?

deforestation increase within plants

Countries with large CO(2) emitted in \n 2009

China \n United States \n European Union \n Indonesia \n Russia \n Japan \n India

Which are the top 3 countries in largo \n CO(2) in 2009?

China \n United States \n European Union

Chlorofluorocarbons are used in

air conditioners refrigerants, plastic foams, aerosol spray can propellants

Methane use in

termites, livestock, and leaks from human gas pipes

Nitrous oxide use in

from fertilizers and livestock wastes

Since what year has global temperature have risen about 0.9 °F?

1860

BENEFITS OF A WARMER WORLD

* Lower heating costs
* Less severe winters


* More precipitation in some dry areas
* Less precipitation in some wet areas
* Longer growing seasons and therefore increased food production in some areas
* Expanded population and range for some plant and animal species adapted to higher temperatures

Negative effect of a warmer worlds

* Excess use of water by plants, animals, and human
* Push growing zone farther north and soil not to grow same crops.
* The rate of decomposition will increase
* More severe hurricanes and storms etc.
* Biodiversity will naturally be reduced

High temperatures effect on Sea levels:

Rise ocean temperature, melt glaciers, and kill most coral reefs \n Sea levels rise vertically a foot rise in sea level pushes shorelines back 100ft

When Sea levels rise vertically a foot rise in sea level pushes shorelines back 100ft

Flood many major cities _and other low lying areas and islands would be threatened

Weather extremes

hotter summers, winter with more snow, more hurricanes ,more droughts.

ways to prevent global warming

* banning emission of CFC and halons.
* Improve energy efficiency.
* Develop energy alternatives.
* Sharing energy efficiency and renewable energy tech with LDC's

Other ways to prevent global warming is

* More nuclear energy that is made safer and storage of waste is solved.
* Reduce the use of coal.
* Short term basis
* Capturing methane from landfills

A treaty to slow climate change in 1997

Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol

\n Reduce emission of CO(2) CH(4) and \n N(2)0 to 5.2% of 1990 levels

2009 Copenhagen is a

nonbinding agreement

Cleanup for Global Warming rising:

* Improve efficiency of scrubbers
* Planting trees worldwide
* Recycle carbon dioxide

Solutions for Global Warming

* Cut fossil fuel.
* Shift coal to natural gas.
* Improve energy efficiency.
* Shift to renewable energy resources.
* Reduce deforestation.
* Slow population growth.
* Transfer energy efficient and renewable energy to Developing Countries

Preparation for Global Warming:

1. Develop plants that need less water and use salt water.
2. Built dikes.
3. Move storage tanks of hazardous material away from coastal areas.
4. Banning construction in low-lying areas
5. Store food as insurance against the decrease in food production
6. Expand existing wilderness areas
7. Manage plans for existing parks considering climate change.
8. Develop corridors
9. Wasting less water

What in the stratosphere block out harmful incoming ultraviolet radiation?

95% of ozone

What is also known as Chlorofluorocarbon?

CFC or Freons

Chlorofluorocarbon

stable, odorless, nontoxic, nonflammable

Major cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere

chlorine containing chemicals like carbon tetrachloride

How much can a single chlorine atom can breakdown ozone?

100,000 molecules of ozone

saltwater and freshwater

Cover 3/4 of the earth surface

marine ecosystem

anything to do with salt in the water are known as saltwater

freshwater ecosystem

Includes streams, rivers, lakes, marshes and swamps; low salt levels

5 factors that affect organism found in aquatic ecosystem

1. Salinity
2. Light
3. Dissolve oxygen
4. Dissolve nutrient concentration
5. Water temperature

Salinity

the amount of salt in water which is sodium chloride

Light penetrates

Determines photosynthesis and aquatic vegetation

Dissolved Oxygen

\n Concentration is usually higher than near-surface and very low near the bottom

ocean covers

Account for 97% of 71% of the water is covering the earth

Ocean are important because

* Their sheer size is capable of receiving land runoff plus man's wastes and diluting them
* Effect upon climate
* Home to a quarter million species of plants and animals

3 major ocean life zones

coastal zone, open sea, ocean bottom

coastal zone

Warm, nutrient-rich, shallow part of the ocean that extends from the high-tide mark on land to the edge of a shelflike extension of continental land masses known as the continental shelf.

coastal zone

Account for only 10% of the total ocean \n Account forn90% of life

Estuary

Zone along a coastline where freshwater from river and streams runoff from the land and mix seawater

Estuaries

More productive than any other ecosystem known as a bay

seagrass beds

grow underwater in shallow areas \n Support a variety of marine species \n Stabilize shoreline \n Reduce wave impact

wetland

Land that is flooded all or part of the year with fresh or salt water

In tropical, subtropical areas coastal wetlands has what kind of tree

Mangrove tree

Where are rocky shores found?

On coasts with heavy wave activity such as new England and pacific northwest

intertidal zone

The region between the low-tide and high-tide marks on a seashore.

What area has sandy shores and thin barrier islands

New Jersey (island beach & LBI)

Barrier islands and sand dunes protect

wetlands on the bay side, \n low-lying coastal area from flooding and damaging effects of storms and hurricane

Barrier islands and ecological services are being threatened

Large-scale human development on scarce economically valuable coastal land

Coral reefs are

\n Made up of calcium deposits from coral

Where is there coral reef

Coastal zone in tropical and subtropical areas

What coral reef have

Marine equivalent of tropical rainforest \n Habitat for 1/4 of all marine species

impact on coral reefs

Ocean warming \n Soil erosion \n Rising sea level \n Etc.

Open sea zone

Beyond the neritic zone, where the continental shelf drops off

Open sea zone

Account for 90% of ocean area \n 10% of its marine life

3 vertical zone of the open sea

Euphoric Zone \n Bathyal zone \n Abyssal zone

euphoric zone

Has phytoplankton, nutrients level low unless upwelling, and dissolved oxygen levels high

bathyal zone

Dimly lit \n Zooplankton and smaller fishes

abyssal zone

Dark and cold with high levels of nutrients and little dissolved oxygen

The Chesapeake Bay

the largest estuary in the United States.

Example of standing bodies of freshwater

Lakes, reservoirs, ponds freshwater wetlands

Lakes

large natural bodies of standing freshwater formed when precipitation, runoff, or groundwater fills depressions in the earth's surface

Example of Flowing freshwater systems

Streams and river

four major zones of lakes

Littoral zone \n Limnetic zone \n Profundal zone \n Benthic zone

littoral zone

shallow water near shore where light reaches the bottom and rooted plants grow and high biodiversity

limnetic zone

Open, surface sunlight area away from the shot with enough light photosynthesis and larger fish

profundal zone

Deep open water region not penetrated by sunlight and too dark for photosynthesis

benthic zone

Bottom of the lake

reservoir

Human creates bodies of standing freshwater built behind a dam \n Built for hydroelectric power irrigation and human consumption