SCIENCE 4TH

What are the two main types of reproduction in plants?

Sexual and asexual reproduction.

What processes are involved in sexual reproduction in plants?

Pollination, fertilization, formation of seeds, seed dispersal, and germination.

What is asexual reproduction in plants?

Reproduction through vegetative propagation using roots, stems, and leaves.

What are nonvascular plants?

Simple, small plants with no true roots, stems, and leaves, such as mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.

What are vascular plants?

Plants with true roots, stems, and leaves that can be seed producers or spore producers.

What are the two categories of seed-producing plants?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms.

What are angiosperms?

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.

What are gymnosperms?

Nonflowering plants that reproduce seeds in cones.

What role do flowers play in plant reproduction?

They support pollinators and are essential for fertilization.

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

What are the basic parts of a flower?

Stigma, style, ovary, anther, filament, petals, and receptacle.

What is the function of the stigma in a flower?

It is the sticky tip of the pistil where pollen grains adhere.

What is double fertilization?

A process where one sperm fertilizes the egg cell and another sperm combines with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

What is the significance of insect pollination?

It is more reliable than wind pollination and is crucial for crop plants.

What are the two types of pollination?

Self-pollination and cross-pollination.

What occurs during self-pollination?

Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

What occurs during cross-pollination?

Pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same kind.

What is the role of the ovary in a flower?

It houses the ovules and develops into fruit after fertilization.

What is the function of petals in a flower?

They protect the reproductive parts and attract pollinators with their color and scent.

What is the function of the calyx in a flower?

It protects the flower when it is still a bud and contributes to photosynthesis.

What do the terms 'stamen' and 'pistil' refer to?

Stamen is the male reproductive structure, while pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower.

What is the function of the anther?

It is the pollen-producing organ of the flower.

What is the function of the filament?

It holds the anther in place.

What happens to fertilized ovules?

They develop into seeds, and the ovary grows into fruit.

What is the role of pollinators like bees and butterflies?

They carry pollen from one flower to another, facilitating fertilization.

What is the importance of nectar in flowers?

It attracts pollinators, aiding in the pollination process.

What are some examples of flowering plants?

Daisies, dandelions, dog rose, bindweeds, and wisteria.

What are some examples of conifers?

Austrian pine, common juniper, Douglas fir, and yew.

What is the primary function of flowers in flowering plants?

To reproduce new plants.

What are angiosperms?

Flowering plants that have seeds enclosed in a container or case called an ovary.

What happens to the ovule after the egg cell is fertilized?

It develops into a seed, and the ovary ripens to become the fruit.

What does the corolla of a flower comprise?

The petals, which function for protection and attraction.

What is the role of the calyx in a flower?

It comprises the sepals and protects the flower when it is still a bud.

What is the function of the receptacle in a flower?

It supports the entire flower.

What connects the flower to the branch or stem?

The peduncle or stalk.

What is the pistil in a flower?

The female reproductive structure that produces ovules.

What are the three parts of the pistil?

Stigma, style, and ovary.

What is the function of the stigma?

It is the swollen knob tip of the pistil, covered by a sticky substance for pollen adherence.

What does the style do in the pistil?

It connects the stigma and ovary and serves as a conveyor for the pollen tube.

What is the stamen?

The male reproductive structure of a flower, composed of anther and filament.

What is the function of the anther?

It is the pollen-producing organ of the flower.

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

What are the two types of pollination?

Self-pollination and cross-pollination.

What occurs during self-pollination?

Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

What happens during cross-pollination?

Pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same kind.

What is double fertilization?

A process where one sperm fertilizes the egg cell and another sperm combines with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

What is the zygote in plant reproduction?

The fertilized egg that develops into a plant embryo.

What do fertilized ovules become?

Seeds.

What do the ovary and other flower parts become after fertilization?

The ovary becomes the fruit, and the rest of the flower dries up and falls.

What distinguishes vascular plants from nonvascular plants?

Vascular plants have true roots, stems, and leaves, while nonvascular plants do not.

What are the two main categories of seed-producing plants?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms.

What are gymnosperms?

Non-flowering plants that reproduce seeds in cones.

Why is insect pollination important?

It is more reliable than wind for crop plants.

What role do pollinators like bees and butterflies play?

They carry pollen from one flower to another, facilitating pollination.

Rhizomes

Thick and fleshy stems that grow horizontally, either above or just below the surface of the ground. Examples: ginger, turmeric.

Tubers

Underground stems with stored food, which the plant can use to survive drought or cold periods. Examples: potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava.

Bulbs

Specialized underground stems swollen with thick, fleshy leaf bases. They reproduce from a swelling at the bottom of the old bulb growing into a new bulb. Examples: onions, garlic, lilies, daffodils, tulips.

Tropisms

Responses of plants that involve growth movements. Plants respond to various stimuli, such as light, water, gravity, and touch.

Phototropism

A growth response of plants to light. Example: Sunflower turning toward the sun.

Geotropism or gravitropism

A growth response of plants to gravity. Example: Roots growing downward into the soil; carrot and radish roots growing straight down.

Hydrotropism

A growth response of plants to water. Example: Roots growing toward moist soil; tree roots spreading toward the underground water.

Thigmotropism

A growth response of plants to touch. Example: Mimosa pudica, commonly known as makahiya.

Nyctinasty

Refers to the rhythmic opening and closing of flowers or leaves in response to daily light and temperature changes.

Importance of Plants

Provide food (fruits, vegetables, grains), make our environment beautiful, provide homes for animals, help clean the air and water, give us materials like wood and cotton.

Plant Care

Water plants regularly, give them sunlight, plant seeds and flowers, don't pick flowers unnecessarily, appreciate the plants around you.

Thorns and spines

Specialized structures in plants for protection.

Sharp leaf blades

Specialized structures in plants for protection.

Waxy coating

Specialized structures in plants for protection.

Broad leaves

Specialized structures in plants for protection.

Bulblike structures

Specialized structures in plants for protection.