DAT Biology Endocrine System

steroids, nonsteroids

What are the two types of hormones?

lipids

Are steroids lipids or proteins?

proteins

Are nonsteroids lipids or proteins?

G protein

Which intracellular protein activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase?

adenylate cyclase

Which enzyme forms cAMP from ATP?

protein kinases

What set of enzymes are active in the phosphorylation of protein substrates after the formation of cAMP?

protein kinases

What does cAMP activate?

tropic hormones

What are hormones that work on other glands called?

negative feedback

What kind of feedback maintains the homeostasis of most hormone levels?

hypophysis

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

adenohypophysis

What is another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

neurohypophysis

What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

growth, thyroid-stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, prolactin

Which hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin (OT)

What hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

glandular cells

What type of cells make up the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

prolactin

Which protein promotes milk production?

zona glomerulosa

Which is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex?

zona fasciculata

What is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex?

zona reticularis

What is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex?

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

Which 3 hormones are produced by the thyroid?

thyroxine, triiodothyronine

Which hormones are secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid?

calcitonin

Which hormone is secreted by the extrafollicular cells of the thyroid?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete?

adrenal medulla

What is the core of the adrenal gland called?

kidneys

The adrenal glands are found on top of what organs?

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Which hormones are produced, stored, and secreted by the adrenal medulla?

aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

Which hormones are secreted by the pancreatic islets?

melatonin

Which hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

thymosins

Which hormones are released by the thymus?

phosphodiesterase

Which enzyme inactivates cAMP?

paracrine

Which secretions only affect nearby cells?

autocrine

Which secretions only affect the cell itself?

glandular epithelium

What are the cells of the endocrine system called?

second

cAMP is a _____ messenger

first

A non-steroid hormone is a _____ messenger.

phosphodiesterase

Which enzyme shuts down cAMP by breaking its circle?

oxytocin

Which hormone signals the breasts to release milk and the uterus to contract?

Pitocin

What is the synthetic form of oxytocin?

thyroid

Which gland needs iodine?

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

What type of cells make up the thyroid follicles?

iodine, thyroglobulin

What does the colloid of thyroid follicular cells contain?

triiodothyronine

Which hormone is active and is 5% of hormones released from thyroid?

thyroxine

Which hormone is a reserve and 95% of hormones released from thyroid?

extrafollicular cells of thyroid (C cells)

Which cells tastes blood for high calcium levels?

parathyroid glands

Which glands taste blood for low calcium levels?

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone raises calcium levels in blood?

glucokinase

Which enzyme is sensitive to high blood sugar and triggers the production of insulin?

glucagon

Which hormone do alpha cells release?

insulin

Which hormone do beta cells release?

somatostatin

Which hormone do delta cells release?

gluconeogenisis

What is the process that converts non-carbohydrates in to carbohydrates?

ketoacidosis

What is the condition of being acidic due to ketones?

zona reticularis

Which layer of the adrenal gland releases sex androgens (testosterone)?

zona fasciculata

Which layer of the adrenal gland releases cortisol?

zona glomerulosa

Which layer of the adrenal gland releases aldosterone?

endocrine glands

glands that synthesize and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

corticosteroids

A group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress

transcortins

proteins that transport corticosteroids

glucocorticoids

Stress hormones that increase energy production

by triggering gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose levels

cortisol, cortisone

name 2 glucocorticoids

mineralocorticoids

stress hormones that increase blood volume and blood pressure by regulating plasma levels of sodium and potassium

aldosterone

name 1 mineralocorticoid

angiotensin II

aldosterone is stimulated by _____

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

aldosterone is inhibited by _____

catecholamines

hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

luteinizing

which hormone stimulates ovaulation?

luteinizing

which hormone maintains the corpus luteum?

luteinizing

which hormone regulates progesterone secretion in women?

luteinizing

which hormone stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to synthesize testosterone?

follicle-stimulating

which hormone causes maturation of ovarian follicles?

estrogen

ovarian follicles secrete _____

follicle-stimulating

hormone that stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production

endorphins

neurotransmitters that have pain-relieving properties

somatotrophin

another name for growth hormone

acromegaly

a disorder characterized by a disproportionate overgrowth of bone, especially in the skull, jaw, feet, and had

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

hormone secreted by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary; in frogs it causes darkening of the skin

oxytocin

hormone that increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions

oxytocin

stimulates milk secretion in the mammary glands; induced by suckling

vasopressin

another name for antidiuretic hormone

neurosecretory cells

cells that regulate pituitary gland secretions via negative feedback mechanisms and through the actions of inhibiting and releasing hormones

GnRH

hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

cells release _____ into the portal system, which signals the pituitary cells to release ACTH

cretinism

hypothyroidism in infants; characterized by mental retardation and short stature

islets of Langerhans

cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ

erythropoietin

a glycoprotein that stimulates red blood cell production

gastrin

Hormone that the stomach lining secretes to simulate gastric juice

secretin

released by small intestine when chyme enters from stomach; stimulates the secretion of an alkaline bicarbonate solution from the pancreas that neutralizes the acidity of the chyme

cholecystokinin

released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats and causes the contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the small intestine

peptides

nonsteroid hormones are also known as _____

first

peptides are _____ messengers