Anatomy and Physiology

Organ

a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types

Tissue

collection of similar cell acting together to perform a function

Neuron

the smallest structural unit of the nervous system

Nephron

the functional unit of the kidney

Mitochondria

serves as a function for cellular respiration

Membrane

layer of tissue that lines body cavities, covers organs, and separates structures

Body Cavities Terminology / Division Plane

imaginary plan (frontal, sagittal, midsagittal and transverse) used a reference in describing positions.

Frontal Plane

plane that divides the body into front and back halves

Sagittal plane

plane that divides the body into left and right portions.

Midsagittal plane

passes along the midline and divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Transverse plane

plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

Body cavity

two main cavities in the body, dorsal and ventral.

Dorsal cavity

contains cranial and spinal cavity (brain, spinal cord)

Ventral cavity

contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Integumentary System

The integumentary system is simple skin and its derivates. The function of the skin is to provide protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, and the synthesis of vitamin D.

Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones and muscles

Nervous System

This system is responsible for controlling all body activity by responding to internal and external stimuli and sending out signals or impulses to nerves and various body organs

The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord

The brain consists of four major parts: cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brainstem

The peripheral nervous system

subdivided into the somatic and the autonomic nervous system

The somatic nervous system

cranial and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system with the skin and skeletal muscles; it is responsible for conscious activities.

The autonomic nervous system

regulates the action of the glands, heart muscle, and smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels

Sensory System

he sensory system is commonly broken into the five senses (smell, taste, sight, hearing, touch and pressure), important senses in human beings.

Smell

olfaction- sense of smell

Gustatory sense or taste

chemical sense produced by stimulation of taste buds. Taste buds are distributed on the face of the tongue.

Sight

composed of the eye- that is composed of specialized tissues that permits sight. Tears, lashes, eyelids, muscles, and fatty tissues protect the eye.

Hearing

composed of the ear- the organ provides hearing. It consists of three main part: the external, middle, and the inner ear.

Blood

The amount of blood within the body of the average human adult is equivalent to a measurement of five or six liters.

Red blood cells also referred to as RBCs or erythrocytes

are produced in the bone marrow and live approximately 120 days. RBCs contain hemoglobin, the pigment responsible for the reddish color of the blood.

White blood cells, also known as leukocytes/5 Types

Neutrophils; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Eosinophils; Basaphils

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes

are the smallest cells founds in the blood

The heart is made up of three layers

epicardium, myocardium, and the endocardium

The lymphatic system

returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and helps protect the body against disease.

Respiratory system provides oxygen to cells&removes carbon dioxide

The organs of the respiratory system consist of the following: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs.

The Digestive System

The organs of the digestive system are as followed: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines

The Endocrine System

This system consists of glands whose secretions coordinate many body functions

The Urinary System

This system removes waste products, salts, and excess water from the blood and eliminates them from the body.

The Reproductive System

The reproductive system is composed of female and male organs

Integumentary Diseases - Fissure

groove or crack like sore

Nodule

solid, round or oval elevated lesion more than 1 cm in diameter

Ulcer

open sore on the skin or mucous membranes

Vesicle

small collection of clear fluid; blister

Wheal

smooth, slightly elevated, edematous (swollen) area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin

Alopecia

absence of hair from areas where it normally grows

Gangrene

death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply

Impetigo bacterial

inflammatory skin disease characterized by lesion, pustules and vesicles.

Musculoskeletal System - Atrophy

decrease in the size of cells, resulting in reduced tissue mass. A skeletal muscle can go through atrophy as a result of physical exercise or neurological disease.

Myalgia

muscle pain

Arthritis

inflammation of joints characterized by swelling, redness, warmth, pain and limited movement.

Osteoarthritis

the most common form of arthritis, affect weight-bearing joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis

crippling form of arthritis; characterized by inflammation of joints and synovial membranes.

Gout

hereditary metabolic form of acute arthritis.

Kyphosis

abnormal outward curvature of the spine, swayback.

Fibromyalgia

common condition that results in chronic pain, primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

condition that occurs when the median nerve in the wrist is excessively compressed.

Nervous System - Dysphasia

difficulty in speaking

Dementia

progressive organic mental disorder characterized by chronic personality, disintegration, confusion, disorientation, and intellectual capacity and function decrease.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

chronic, progressive inflammatory disease of unknown origin that usually affects young adults between the ages of 20-40. Symptoms include vision a muscle weakness.

Alzheimer's disease

diffuse cortical atrophy of the brain, characterized by confusion, memory failure, disorientation, and hallucination.

Parkison's disease

brain degeneration that appears gradually and progress slowly. Signs consist of slowness of movement, resting tremor, and rigidity.

Concussion

immediate loss of consciousness cause by a violent blow to the head or neck.

Contusion

bruising of the brain, more serious head injury than a concussion.

Epilepsy

chronic brain disorder associated with abnormal and sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain. Two types: partial and generalized seizures.

Cardiovascular System - Myocardial Infarction

necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by an obstruction in a coronary artery, resulting in a thrombus or a heart attack.

Congestive heart failure

slowly developing condition in which the heart weakens over time. Heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium. Three types: fibrinous, serous, and suppurative.

Aneurysm

dilation or saclike formation in a weakened blood vessel wall. A common cause is atherosclerotic plaque.

Varicose vein

enlarged, twisted superficial vein, usually in the lower leg, caused by incompetent valves.

Iron-deficiency anemia

most common type of anemia. RBC count may be normal, but there is insufficient hemoglobin.

Hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

Sickle cell anemia

condition in which abnormal hemoglobin causes RBC's to change to a sickle (crescent) shape. The sickle-shaped red blood cells get struck in capillaries.

Respiratory System - Pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx most often caused by viral infection

Rhinitis

inflammation of the nasal mucosa, causing nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching of the nose.

Atelectasis

a collapsed or airless state of the lung that results in hypoxia.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

a group of common chronic respiratory disorders that are characterized by progressive tissue loss and obstruction in the airways of the lungs.

Asthma

a respiratory disorder characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing on expiration and inspiration caused by constriction of the bronchi, cough and viscous mucoid bronchial secretions.

Cystic fibrosis

inherited autosomal-recessive disorder of exocrine glands, production of abnormally thick secretions of mucus, and an increase in the enzymes of the saliva.

Pleurisy

inflammation of the pleural membranes.

Tuberculosis

tuberculosis transmitted through inhalation of airborne droplets, prolonged direct contact with infected individuals, consumption of contaminated milk, or contact with infected cattle. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Digestive System - Gingivitis

inflammation and swelling of the gums, often the result of poor oral hygiene

Esophagitis

inflammation of the mucosal lining of the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

condition characterized by the return of stomach contents into the esophagus causing a burning sensation or heartburn.

Regional enteritis (Crohn's Disease)

condition of the intestinal tract characterized by patches of inflammation and ulceration.

Diverticulosis

presence of diverticula in the colon.

Diverticula

abnormal pockets in the gastrointestinal tract

Enteritis

inflammation of the intestine, particularly in the small intestine.

Hepatitis

infectious inflammation of the liver most caused by either Type A or Type B hepatitis virus.

Hernia

vomiting of bright red blood, indicating upper GI bleeding

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar; Hyperglycemia - high blood sugar; Hyperthroidism - hyposecretion of the thyroid gland that results in ptotrusion of the eyebells, tachycardia, goiter and tumor

Hypothyroidism

hyposecretion of the thyroid gland that results in sluggishness, slow pulse and obesity.

Gigantism

excessive size and stature of the body, usually result of a tumor of the anterior pituitary and generally occurs before puberty.

Acromegaly

disease cause by an excess of growth hormone in an adult

Graves' disease

condition of severe hyperthyroidism, possibly with an autoimmune base.

Cushing's syndrome

hyperactivity of the adrenal cortical gland that develops from an excess of the glucocorticoid hormone.

Diabetes insipidus

metabolic disorder caused by injury to the neurohypophyseal system.

Diabetes mellitus

chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas. Type-1 is insulin-dependent, and Type-2 is generally not insulin-dependent.

Myopia

a severe form of nearsightedness that results when light rays entering the eye focus in the front of the retina.

Hyperopia

severe form of farsightedness that occurs when light rays entering the eye focus behind the retina.

Presbyopia

inability to focus with the lens because of loss of its elasticity

Astigmatism

an irregular focusing of the light rays entering the eye

Strabismus

disorder in which the visual axes of the eyes are not directed at the same point.