Practice test 1-3

The system of organs responsible for getting foof in and out of our body

DIgestive System

The mechanical breakdown of the food into smaller pieces

Physical Digestion

The breakdown of complex molecules

Chemical Digestion

The intake of food into our body

Indigestion

Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of food into smaller components

Digestion

What is the term for rhytmic,wavelike contractons of the walls

Peristalsis

What is the greek word of the Esophagus?

To carry what is eaten

The term for the Dilute Hydrochloric Acid and the enzymes pepsin,an active enzyme secreted by the chief cells of the gastrc glands

Gastric Juice

The term for an active enzyme secreted by the chief cells of the gastric glands

Pepsin Enzyme

The semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach

Chyme

Largest gland of the body

Liver

A greenish yellow bag attatched into the liver and also the storage of bile

Gallbladder

Where is Pancreas connected to?

Duodenum

It produces pancreatic juice

Pancreas

What organ secretes hormone insulin

Pancreas

A bitter,alkaline,yellow or greenish liquid secreted by the liver that aids in digestion and absorbtion especially on fats

Bile

What organ secretes bile?

Liver

Breaking up of large particles into smaller one

Emulsification

The three parts of a smaller intestine

U shaped Duodenum,Jejunum,Ileum

The last part of the digestive tract

Anus

The process of removing undigested matter from the body

Engestion

Ingests food; Chews & mixes food; Moistens and dissolves food; Begins chemical breakdown of Carbohydrates

Mouth

Propels food from the oral cavity (mouth cavity) to the esophagus

Pharynx

Proples food from the stomach

Esophagus

Further breaks down food residues; Absorbs most residual water electrolytes & vitamins produced by enteric bacteria; Propels feces toward rectum; Eliminates feces

Large Intestine

Mixes & churns food with gastric juices to form chyme; Begins chemical breakdown of proteins; Possesses antimicrobial functions

Stomach

Mixes chyme with digestive juices; Absorbs breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; Performs physical digestion via segmentation

Small Intestine

Where does digestion starts

Mouth

Used by cell for energy production

Glucose

used for growth & repair of worn out parts or tissues and is used for formation of enzymes & hormones

Amino Acids

Used to build protoplasm in cell membranes

Fats

Excess fats are stored in special tissue called?

Adipose Tissue

The process of transport and use of absorbed nutrients

Assimilation

the convered glycogen stored in the liver

Simple sugar

He is an Austrian Monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden. He is known as the Father of Modern Genetics

Gregor Mendel

Is an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits to its offspring of many generations

Pure breeding

Generation of the parents

Parental or P

Offspring to the parental cross

First filial

Resulted from a cross between two pure bredding plants with contrasting traits

Hybrids

Occurs when the polien from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower

Self pollination

Cross between two F

Second Filial

Factor that controlled the appearance of a trait

Genes

Pair of genes

Alleles

The dominant trait that dominates or prevent the expreesion the recessive trait

Principle of Dominance

One trait that dominates the other

Dominant trait

Trait that did not appear in the F generation

Recessive Trait

The pair of genes segregate or seperate from each other during gamete formation

Law of Segregation

Genetic make up of an organism

Genotype

Presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus

Homozygous Genotype

An organism’s observable traits such as height,eye color, and blood type

Phenotype

Fusion of male and female gametes produce by the same individuall

Self Fertilization Technique

Number of times a specific combination of alleles appears

Phenotypic Ratio

Presence of two different alleles

Heterozygous

A cross betwwen an organism with unknown genotype and a recessive

Test cross technique

Homozygous trait,when crossed with recessive,produce only ____ and exhibit the __

One kind of Offspring, Dominant trait

Heterozygous when crossed with recessive,produce _____

Two kind of Offspring

Number of times a specific combination of alleles appears

Phenotypic ratio

A square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of particular cross or breeding experiment

Punnett Square

Number of times a genotype would appear in the offspring after a test cross

Genotypic Ratio

Number of times a specific combination of alleles appears

Phenotypic Ratio

A genetic cross made to examine the distribution of one specific set of alleles in the resulting offspring

Monohybrid Cross

A cross between individuals that involve two heterozygous pairs of genes

Dihybrid Cross

The passing of traits from parents to their offspring

Heredity

Refers to individiual that possess characteristics different from any kind

Variation

The study of heredity and varitaion

Genetics

The process of reproduction of unicellular cells and an asecual means of reproduction

Binary Fission

The genetic materials of the cell in the form of long threads of DNA

Chromatic FIbers

A protein complex assembled on the centromeric region of DNA

Kinetochore

The basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

Genes

A molecule that contains the biological instructions that mske each species unique

Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)

A double membrane layer that seperates the contents of the nucleus form the rest of the cell

Nuclear Membrane

A round body located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Nucleolus

Form protein structure that divides yhe the genetic material in a cell

Spindle Fiber

Are paired organelles found in cytoplasm

Centrioles

A thread like structure made of DNA

Chromosome

Seperates the interior of the cell drom the outside environment

Plasma Membrane

Cells that are rectangular,have cell walls,chloroplasts and a large vacuole

Plant cell

A series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

Cell cycle

The three stages of interphase

G1 Phase S Phase,G2 phase

The cell grows,accumulate nutrients ,and replicates its genetic material

Interphase

The two main stages of cell cycle

Interphase and M phase

Where cells spent their remaining time on this stage

M phase/Cell division

The stage where the cell is still young and undergoes rapid growth its also the longest phase in most cells

G1 Phase

The stgad where DNA replication happens

S Phase

The stage where the preparation for cell division happen

G2 Phase

The stage where cell undergoes cell division

M phase

Hollow protein fiber that causes chromosomes to move during cell division

Microtubules

Division of nucleus is called?

Karyokinesis

Division of cytoplasm is called

Cytokinesis

Is a type of cell division in which nucleusof the cell divides into two nuclei with identical genetic material

Mitosis

The stage where nuclear membrane disappear and spindle fibers form

Prophase

The stage where chromosomes move and align themselves at the center

Metaphase

The stage where two sister chromatids divide and chromosomes move to opposite poles

Anaphase and Telophase

Cytokinesis starts at the middle of the cell and moves outward

Plate formation

Cytokinesis starts at exterior of the cell moving inward until the cell divides

Cleaveage Furrow Formation

The union of teo sex cells

Fertilization

How many chromosomes that haploid cell has?

23

How many sets of chromosomes that a zygote cell have?

2 sets

The 2 sets of chromosomes of a zygote

Diploid Cell(2n), 46 Chromosomes

Formation of the sperm cell occurs in the testis

Spermatogenesis