Infrared, Bluetooth, and NFC 2.2

What are three short-range wireless communication technologies besides Wi-Fi?

Bluetooth, RFID, NFC

What is Bluetooth used for?

Sharing data between two devices within a short range (personal area network or PAN)

What is the process of connecting two Bluetooth devices called?

Pairing

In a Bluetooth connection, what role does the phone usually play?

Server (central device)

In a Bluetooth connection, what role do headphones usually play?

Client (peripheral device)

What does "discoverable mode" mean in Bluetooth?

The device can be seen by other nearby Bluetooth devices

What is exchanged during Bluetooth pairing for security?

A security passkey (user-created or pre-programmed)

What Bluetooth protocol is used for pairing and data exchange?

OBject EXchange (OBEX)

Do paired Bluetooth devices need to repeat the pairing process every time?

No, they remember each other

What is the latest Bluetooth version mentioned?

5.3

Are Bluetooth versions backwards compatible?

Yes

What does RFID stand for?

Radio Frequency Identification

What does RFID use to transmit data?

Radio waves

What are RFID tags?

Small circuit boards that transmit data to scanners

What is the difference between active and passive RFID tags?

Active tags have onboard batteries (longer range); Passive tags rely on scanner power (shorter range)

Give examples of RFID uses.

Toll passes, ID badges, credit cards, retail security tags, package tracking

What is a major security risk of RFID?

Attackers can scan, clone, or eavesdrop on RFID tags

How do RFID chips mitigate attacks?

Operate at different frequencies and require close proximity

What does NFC stand for?

Near Field Communication

How close must NFC devices be to communicate?

Within a few centimeters

What is NFC commonly used for?

Mobile payments, file transfer between phones, e-passports

How is NFC related to RFID?

NFC is built on RFID technology

What is NFC vulnerable to?

Same attacks as RFID, but attacker must be extremely close

What frequency does Bluetooth operate in?

2.4 GHz

What method does Bluetooth use to avoid interference?

Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)

How many channels can Bluetooth switch between to reduce interference?

79

What encryption strength does Bluetooth use?

128-bit proprietary encryption

What is the range of Class 1 Bluetooth devices?

Up to 100 meters

What is the range of Class 2 Bluetooth devices?

Up to 10 meters

What is the range of Class 3 Bluetooth devices?

Less than 10 meters

What was the max speed and range of Bluetooth 1.0?

1 Mbps, 10 meters

What special feature was introduced in Bluetooth 2.0?

Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) up to 3 Mbps

What feature was introduced in Bluetooth 3.0?

High Speed mode using 802.11 for up to 24 Mbps

What major feature was introduced in Bluetooth 4.0?

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for reduced power consumption

What range and speed improvements did Bluetooth 5.0 add?

Up to 240 meters, 2 Mbps (48 Mbps in High Speed mode)

What audio feature did Bluetooth 5.0 introduce?

Dual audio (play on two devices at once)

What are the four main types of RFID attacks?

Eavesdropping, On-path attack, Denial of Service, Cloning/Spoofing

What does an RFID on-path attack involve?

Intercepting and manipulating a signal before it reaches the intended recipient

At what frequency does NFC operate?

13.56 MHz

What is the maximum transmission speed of NFC?

424 Kbps

What type of chip enables NFC communication and storage?

NFC chip

What are the three NFC operating modes?

Reader/Writer, Peer-to-Peer, Card Emulation

What is NFC Card Emulation mode used for?

Smart card functions like contactless payment or ticketing

How can NFC data transmissions be secured?

Using encryption algorithms