chapter 26

How do organisms meet the challenges of life?

Obtaining energy, reproduction, obtain nutrients, survival, water, avoid predation and disease

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus

What are plants?

Autotrophs, multicellular eukaryotes, have chloroplast, and have cell wall

Plant support

Stems

What do plants produce?

Spores

Biggest difference between plants and algae

Conservation of water and reproduction

Plant types

Bryophytes(non vascular plants), seedless vascular plants, seed plants

Bryophytes(non vascular plants)

Small because they are limited by the lack of water transport, dominated by gametophyte, no vascular tissue, live in damn humid area

Seedless vascular plants

Don’t produce seeds, have vascular tissue, sporophyte is dominant, gametophyte lives independently

Seed plants

Have seeds, have vascular tissue, sporophyte is dominant, gametophyte is small

What is a seed?

An embryo protected by the spore wall and the seed coat

Gymnosperm

Naked seed

Angyosperm

Contains seeds

Benefits of asexual reproduction

Anytime, faster, offspring are identical, don’t have to find a mate, good for stable environment

Benefits of sexual reproduction

Genetic diversity, increase survival in changing environments

Plasmogamy

Fusion of the cells

Karyogamy

Fusion of the nuclei

Mycelium- hyphae

Long strands of fungal cells

Germination

Process by which a dormant seed wakes up and sprouts into a seedling

Chytrids

Mostly aquatic, single cell

Zygomycetes

Have special reproductive structure

Glomeromycetes

Endomycorrhizal species that form structures in plant cells

Ascomycetes

Includes lichens- symbiotic relationship

Basidiomycetes

Includes fungi that can completely digest wood

Mycorrhizae

Fungi that interacts with plant roots