SAT Math: Formulas

Vertical Angles

Formed by 2 intersecting lines or segments. Always congruent.

Supplementary Angles

Two angles that form a line and add up to 180°.

Right Angle

An angle that measures 90°.

Complimentary Angles

Two angles that add up to 90°.

Alternate Interior Angles (Parallel Lines)

Ex. 3 & 6 are congruent

Alternate Exterior Angles (Parallel Lines)

Ex. 1 & 8 are congruent

Corresponding Angles (Parallel Lines)

Ex. 1 & 5 are congruent

Same Side Interior Angles (Parallel Lines)

Ex. 3 & 5 add up to 180º

Area of a Triangle

A=½(Base)(Height)
A=½bh

Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the 2 shortest sides of a triangle is always greater than the length of the third side.

Equilateral Triangle

A triangle in which all three sides are equal and all three interior angles are 60°.

Isosceles Triangle

A triangle with two equal sides. Base angles (angles across from the congruent sides) are also equal.

Proportionality in Triangles

In every triangle, the longest side is opposite the largest angle and the smallest side is opposite the smallest angle.

Pythagorean Theorem

Used to find the missing side of a right triangle.
"c" is always the length of the hypotenuse.
a²+b²=c²

Similar Triangles

Triangles that have the same angle measures but different side lengths. Solve by setting up a proportion.

45-45-90 Special Triangle

Always in the ratio 1:1:√2
Isosceles right triangle

30-60-90 Special Triangle

Always in the ratio 1:√3:2

Pythagorean Triple

Three integers that, as side lengths of a triangle, form a right triangle.
Ex. 3/4/5 or 5/12/13

Degree Measure of a Triangle

The inside angles of a triangle always add up to 180°.

Area of a Circle

A=πr²

Degree Measure of a Circle

The central angles of a circle add up to 360°.

Circumference of a Circle

C=2πr or C=πd

Area of a Sector (Circle)

(n/360)(πr²), where n is the central angle.

Arc Length of a Sector (Circle)

(n/360)(2πr), where n is the central angle.

Area of a Polygon

A=½aP, where a is the apothem and P is the perimeter.

Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon

Sum=180(n-2), where n is the number of sides.

Interior Angle of a Polygon

Where n is the number of sides

Degree Measure of a Quadrilateral

The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360º.

Area of a Square

A=(side)(side)
A=s²

Diagonal of a Square

Diagonal=side(√2)
D=s√2

Area of a Rectangle

A=(length)(width)
A=lw

Perimeter of a Rectangle

P=2(length)+2(width)
P=2l+2w

Area of a Parallelogram

A=(base)(height) or A=bh

Angles in a Parallelogram

Opposite angles are equal.

Area of a Trapezoid

A=½(h)(b₁+b₂)

Surface Area of a Sphere

SA=4πr²

Surface Area of a Cylinder

SA=2πr²+2πrh

Surface Area of a Prism

SA=2(lw+lh+wh)
SA=2B+Ph, where B is the area of the base, P is the perimeter of the base, and h is the height of the prism.

Volume of a Sphere

V=(4/3)πr³

Volume of a Cube

V=side³
V=s³

Volume of a Cylinder

V=πr²h

Diagonal of a Cube

Diagonal = side√3
D=s√3

Volume of a Prism

V=lwh

Distance Formula

Midpoint Formula

Used to find the midpoint of a line

Slope

Rate of change of a line;
rise over run;
change in y /change in x

Parallel Lines

Same slope

Perpendicular Lines

Form 90 degree angles;
Slopes are negative reciprocals

Slope-Intercept Formula

Use if you know the slope and the y-intercept

Point-Slope Formula

Use if you know the slope and a point on the line

Average (Arithmetic Mean)

Average Speed

Weighted Average

Mode

Value(s) that occurs most frequently!

Median

Middle point of an ordered list!

Fundamental Counting Principle

If an event can happen m ways and another, independent event can happen n ways, then both events can happen in m ∗ n ways.

Probability

Probability of two independent events happening

Difference of Squares

Perfect Square Trinomials

Rewriting logarithms as exponentials

Logarithm Power Rule

Logarithm Product Property

Logarithm Quotient Property

Trigonometric Identities

Pythagorean Identities

Graphing Trigonometric Functions

y = Asin(Bx - C) + D

Integers

Any number that is not a decimal or a fraction. ie: -30, 1, 2, 50

Whole Number

Any number that is not a negative or a fraction. ie: 0, 2, 37, 455

Real Number

Any number that can be found on a number line. Excludes infinity and imaginary numbers.
ie: All integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers!

Rational Number

Any number that can be written as a fraction (ratio of integers).
ie: 0 ,4,12 ,−5,.20!

Irrational Number

Any number that cannot be written as a fraction.!

Prime Number

A positive number that can only be divided by 1 AND itself.
ie: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 279, 31, 37...!
(1 is NOT a prime number. 2 is the smallest prime number, and prime numbers cannot be negative or even)

Sum of an arithmetic sequence

Sum of a finite geometric sequence

Sum of an infinite geometric sequence where r > 1

Combinations

Permutations