Comparative Anatomy and Reproduction in Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Heart Chambers in Fish

2

Heart Chambers in Amphibians

3

Heart Chambers in Reptiles

3-4

Heart Chambers in Birds & Mammals

4

Salamander External Anatomy

gills, tail fin, limbs, digits

Salamander Internal Anatomy

mouth, pharynx, stomach, liver, small intestine, lungs, heart, kidneys, bladder, reproductive structures

Frog External Anatomy

skin, nares, tympanum, toe pads, nictitating membrane, teeth, tongue, glottis

Frog Internal Anatomy

liver, stomach, intestine, fat bodies, heart, lungs, ovaries

Pigeon External Anatomy

feathers, beak, wings, feet, cloaca

Pigeon Internal Anatomy

heart, lungs, liver, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestines, reproductive organs

Shark External Anatomy

lateral line, placoid scales, fins, spiracles, ampullae of Lorenzini

Shark Internal Anatomy

liver (squalene), kidney, rectal gland, gonads, claspers, spleen, intestine, gill arches, rakers, lamellae

Clam External Anatomy

umbo, siphons, foot, mantle, gills

Squid External Anatomy

beak, radula, arms, tentacles, siphon/funnel, chromatophores, pen, ink sac

Crayfish External Anatomy

cephalothorax, abdomen, carapace, feeding appendages, walking legs, uropod

Crayfish Internal Anatomy

gills, stomach, intestine, green glands

Rat External Anatomy

rostrum, vibrissae, pinna

Rat Internal Anatomy

heart, lungs, liver, stomach, small & large intestines, kidney, caecum, uterus, testes, gall bladder?

Pig External Anatomy

ears, tail, digits

Pig Internal Anatomy

heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, gall bladder, placenta/umbilical cord, diaphragm, kidneys, ovaries

Internal Fertilization

most vertebrates (reptiles, birds, mammals)

External Fertilization

amphibians, fish (many)

Subadult vs Adult Differences

tadpoles → frogs, larval tunicate → adult tunicate