Biology Macromolecules Unit

Macromolecules

large molecules that are critically important to all living things

Monomers

• one unit of a macromolecule

• monomers join together to form polymers

Polymers

a strand of many monomers

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

What are the elements found in carbohydrates?

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

What are the monomers in carbohydrates?

monosaccharide

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

energy and structure

Examples of carbohydrates

• sugar

• starch

• fiber

Monosaccharides-1 Sugar (Carbohydrates)

glucose

Disaccharides- 2 sugars (Carbohydrates)

Sucrose

Polysaccharides- many sugars (Carbohydrates)

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

• chitin

Carbohydrate Food Examples

• candy

• fruit

• pasta

• bread

Which elements are found in lipids?

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

What are the common parts of lipids?

• glycerol

• fatty acids

What are the functions of lipids?

• energy storage

• forms cell membranes

• body insulation

Examples of Lipids

• fats

• oils

• waxes

• steroids

Triglyceride- Fats (Lipids)

• 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

• function: energy storage—more energy than carbs

Saturated Fats (Lipids)

• solid at room temp

• ex. butter

Unsaturated Fats (Lipids)

• liquid at room temp

• ex. oil

Phospholipids

• forms the cell membrane of the cells

• glycerol and phosphate group with 2 fatty acids

• has two parts: head (hydrophilic), tail (hydrophobic)

What are the elements found in proteins?

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• nitrogen

What is the monomer for protein?

amino acids

What are the functions of proteins?

(a little bit of everything)

• muscle contraction

• cell transport

• enzymes

Examples of Proteins

• insulin

• keratin

• melanin

Structure of Proteins

• there are 20 common amino acids that can link together to form proteins

• long chains of amino acids are called polypeptides

• polypeptides fold into a protein

Foods that are high in protein

• meats

• nuts

• eggs

• beans

Which elements are found in nucleic acids?

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• nitrogen

• phosphate

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

storing and transmitting instructions to make proteins

Examples of Nucleic Acids

• DNA

• RNA

Nucleotides (monomer of nucleic acids)

DNA

double stranded

RNA

single stranded

Which foods contain nucleic acids?

All living things have DNA and/or RNA, therefore all food has nucleic acids. It is not included in nutritional labels.

Useful for a fast source of energy

Carbohydrates

Has involvement in the immune system (ex. antibodies)

Proteins

Helpful for long term energy storage

Lipids

Has a large roll in muscle development

Proteins

If athletes “pasta load,” they consume a lot of this

Carbohydrates

A mutation in DNA would initially start with this

Nucleic Acids

Makes up cell membranes

Lipids

Enzymes, which can speed up reactions, belong in this category

Proteins

Important for insulation

Lipids

Contains elements C, H, and O and has a ring-like structure

Carbohydrates

Includes genetic material

Nucleic Acids

Contains long fatty acid chains

Lipids

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

• monosaccharide

• disaccharide

• polysaccharide

What does monosaccharide look like?

A hexagon

What does a triglyceride (a fat) consist of?

• glycerol

• 3 fatty acids

What does a phospholipid consist of?

• phosphate group (phosphate/glycerol)

• 2 fatty acids

What does a phospholipid look like?

A head with two tails

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The head (the circle part which is the phosphate group)

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The tails (the fatty acid components)

What do the monomers of proteins (amino acids) look like?

A rhombus/diamond shape

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Made of monomers called amino acids

Proteins

Contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Protein

One type is called a polysaccharide

Carbohydrate

Group contains fats and oils

Lipids

The function is energy and structure

Carbohydrates

DNA and RNA are examples

Nucleic Acids

Chicken and nuts have high amounts

Proteins

Made of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleic Acids

Can be saturated or unsaturated

Lipids

Contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbohydrates and Lipids

Functions include enzymes, muscle contractions, and cell transport (has many others too)

Proteins

Glucose is an example

Carbohydrates

The monomer consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids

Contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Nucleic Acids

The function is energy storage, body insulation, and make up cell membranes

Lipids

These are all hydrophobic

Lipids

Candies and pastas would have high amounts

Carbohydrates

Cholesterol

Saturated Fats

Saturated Fats

• saturated

• solid

• stacked

Unsaturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats

• unsaturated

• liquid

• irregular stacks

Steroids and Waxes

Triglyceride

Which parts of the triglyceride are which?

• blue=glycerol

• yellow=fatty acid

Carbohydrate diagram

Glucose (picture)

Fructose (picture)

Lactose

Polysaccharide (pictures)

Polysaccharide (diagram)

Amino Acid (diagram)

Polypeptide Chain (picture)

Folded Protein (picture)

structure=function

Roles of proteins (pictures)

RNA (diagrams and picture)

DNA (diagrams and pictures)

Amino acids joined by peptide bond

Protein

Monomeric units of proteins

Amino Acid

Monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond

Carbohydrate

Maltose is made up of 2 monosaccharides of?

Glucose

Bond between glycerol and fatty acids

Ester