life at sea lab exam

what is the equation to calculate total magnification

what is the equation to calculate total magnification

10 × 40= 400x

what is the total magnification for each lens combination?

4× 10× 40× 100x

1

arm

2

focus knobs

small: fine focus

big: coarse focus

3

base

4

ocular

5

revolving nose piece

6

objectives

7

stage clips

8

stage

9

iris diaphragm

10

lever

11

illuminator

function of a compound light microscope

• Magnification: Higher (up to 1000-2000x)

• Purpose: Used for viewing small, thin specimens (e.g., cells, bacteria) on slides.

• Image: 2D image of the specimen.

• Light Source: Transmitted light passes through the specimen.

• Lenses: Multiple objective lenses with high magnification.

function of stereo microscope

• Magnification: Lower (typically up to 100x).

• Purpose: Used for viewing larger, 3D objects (e.g., insects, plants).

• Image: 3D image with depth perception.

• Light Source: Reflected light from the specimen’s surface.

• Lenses: Two separate optical paths, giving a stereoscopic (3D) view.

sargassum

a type of brown algae (seaweed) that floats on the oceans surface.

forms large mats or patches that provide habitat for marine life.

what is the function of the berry like structures of a sargassum

gas-filled bladders (called pneumatocysts). Their primary function is to keep the algae afloat by providing buoyancy. This allows Sargassum to stay near the water's surface, where it can access sunlight for photosynthesis.

where does beach sand come from

formed from the gradual weathering and erosion of rocks and minerals over long periods of time.

what kinds of minerals is our beach sand composed of

quartz, feldspar, calcium carbonate, volcanic rock

How does the mesh size of a zooplankton net differ from a phytoplankton net?

• Zooplankton Net:

  • Larger mesh size:

  • Purpose: Designed to capture larger organisms like tiny crustaceans, larval fish, and other small animals.

• Phytoplankton Net:

  • Smaller mesh size

  • Purpose: Used to collect microscopic algae and other smaller planktonic organisms.

What is the function of the spines present on most planktonic organisms?

defense against predators

buoyancy

increased surface area

how do different types of plankton fit into the food chain?

Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small Fish and Invertebrates → Larger Predators (e.g., larger fish, marine mammals, seabirds)

locate the pacific ocean

locate the Atlantic ocean

locate the southern ocean

locate the gulf of mexico

locate the Caribbean sea

The coast of peru is a major upweling site, is extremely productive, and home to one of the largest fisheries in the world. Why?

brings nutrient-rich water to the surface, resulting in high productivity, abundant marine life, and the presence of one of the world's largest fisheries.

In the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, there is a broad continental shelf in cold water. Would you expect high productivity?

The combination of shallow waters, cold temperatures, and nutrient mixing makes the Grand Banks of Newfoundland a highly productive marine environment, historically supporting one of the world’s richest fisheries.

Mid-ocean ridge near the Galapagos

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are found here. What is the basis of the food chain in these deep areas?

based on chemosynthesis, where microorganisms use chemical energy from the vent's gases and minerals to produce food, supporting a diverse and unique ecosystem in the deep ocean.

Bering Sea

Cold northern sea near Alaska. Former habitat of the extinct Steller’s Sea Cow. Whales spend their summers here. Why? Where do they winter?

Whales spend their summers in the nutrient-rich Bering Sea to feed and nurture their young, while they migrate to warmer waters in the winter for breeding.

southern ocean

cold southern sea. also a summer home for whales. why?

southern Ocean is a summer home for whales due to its nutrient-rich waters, abundant food sources like krill, and suitable conditions for feeding and nurturing young before their migrations

Indo-Pacific region

Between Australia and Asia. Warm equatorial waters, many islands, coral reefs and biodiversity. Find the Great Barrier Reef.

situated in the warm waters of the Indo-Pacific region, between Australia and Asia, and is known for its immense biodiversity and stunning coral formations.

find water currents on the east and west coast of continents. what pattens do you observe in relation to the temperature of currents in these locations?

East Coast Currents:

• Warm Currents:

  • Gulf Stream (North America): Originating in the Gulf of Mexico, it flows along the eastern coast of the United States and up toward Europe, bringing warm water and raising temperatures along the coast.

West Coast Currents:

• Cold Currents:

  • California Current (North America): A cold current that flows southward along the western coast of the United States, resulting in cooler coastal temperatures.

Gulf coast of Florida

Broad continental shelf. How does this relate to water temperature and sand texture?

The broad continental shelf off the Gulf Coast of Florida results in warm shallow waters and the accumulation of fine, white sand, creating an inviting environment for both marine life and beachgoers.

Southeast Coast of Florida

Narrow continental shelf, warm water, Bahama Islands offshore. How does this relate to temperature, wave energy, sand and reefs?

temperature:

The narrow continental shelf leads to deeper waters more quickly, but the Gulf Stream, flowing along this coast, keeps the surface waters warm year-round. This creates a warm marine environment conducive to diverse marine life.

wave energy:

The narrow shelf allows for less dissipation of wave energy as waves approach the shore, resulting in stronger waves and more energy hitting the coastline. This can lead to more dynamic beach conditions and increased erosion.

sand:

the increased wave energy contributes to a coarser sand texture

coral reefs:

the warm waters and abundant sunlight support coral growth, leading to the development of coral reefs. The reefs provide habitats for numerous marine species and act as natural barriers against wave energy, helping to protect the shoreline.

Northeast Coast of Florida

Broader continental shelf to the north, cooler water, not protected by the Bahamas. How does this relate to temperature, wave energy, sand and reefs?

Temperature:

Cooler Water: The broader continental shelf leads to more gradual changes in depth, resulting in cooler surface temperatures compared to the Southeast Coast.

Wave Energy:

Reduced Wave Energy: The broader shelf can dissipate wave energy more effectively than a narrow shelf.

Sand:

Finer Sand Texture: The combination of lower wave energy and cooler waters typically leads to the accumulation of finer sand along the beaches.

Coral Reefs:

Limited Coral Development: Cooler waters and less consistent warm temperatures may limit the growth and health of coral reefs in this region.

which is more dense, cold or warm water?

cold water

which is more dense, fresh or salt water?

salt water

why cant you see all the pigments without chromatography?

without it, the complexity of the mixture, overlapping colors, solubility issues, and low concentrations would prevent the detection of all pigments.

what is the function of chlorophyll?

absorb light energy for photosynthesis, enabling plants to produce food and oxygen, which are essential for life on Earth.

what is the function of accessory pigments?

enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis by absorbing additional light wavelengths, transferring energy to chlorophyll, protecting plants from light damage, and contributing to the coloration of plants and fruits.

why did the pigments separate during chromatography?

The pigments separate during chromatography due to their varying solubilities and interactions with the solvent and paper, causing them to migrate at different rates along the chromatography medium.

marine diatoms: of what material is the shell made of?

silica

ceratium: of what material is the dinoflagellate made?

cellulose plates

blue green algae

cyanobacteria- smaller simpler cell structure

celacreous

green algae

coralline

red algae

seagrass

unlike the algae, they have roots to get nutrients from the sediments but the algae just mainly floats but it anchors itself to things unlike setting roots for stability