FINAL EXAM-SLHS 2204

Recall the meaning of "semantic bootstrapping."

Using word meanings to infer syntactic structures

Recognize a principle of the "Operating Principles Approach" by Daniel Slobin.

Children focus on frequently occurring scenes

Describe an outcome of using prosodic bootstrapping.

Children segment speech into grammatical units

Identify what an auxiliary verb does.

It helps form tenses and voices of main verbs

State what is examined in morphology.

Structure and form of words

Describe the role of morphological markers in the Competition Model.

They serve as crucial cues for grammatical structure and meaning

Label the type of morpheme that changes the grammatical category of a word.

Derivational morphemes

Recognize the key focus of statistical learning in language acquisition.

Tracking the distributional properties of sounds and syllables

List an example of a syntactic structure children learn through bootstrapping.

Noun-verb agreement

Identify the primary function of pronouns in language development.

To reduce repetitiveness by replacing nouns

How does the Competition Model describe the role of cue validity in language acquisition?

It is crucial and dynamic

Describe the primary function of syntax in language development.

It arranges words into well-formed sentences.

Summarize the importance of prosodic bootstrapping in early language development.

It helps segment speech into grammatical units.

Summarize the role of statistical learning in language acquisition.

It involves tracking the distributional properties of sounds and syllables.

What does the Construction-Based Approach emphasize about the difference between child and adult language processing?

Children start with specific patterns

Compare the roles of prosodic and syntactic bootstrapping in language acquisition.

Prosodic bootstrapping uses intonation patterns, while syntactic bootstrapping uses sentence structure.

According to the Construction-Based Approach, how do children typically produce their first grammatical utterances?

By using slot-and-frame patterns

Describe the significance of the Competition Model in language acquisition.

It describes language learning through competition of cues.

Illustrate how prosodic bootstrapping aids language development.

By segmenting speech into grammatical units

Predict the effect of mastering pronoun use on language development.

It will enhance clarity and cohesion in communication.

How can teachers compose effective lesson plans that integrate morphosyntax for language learners?

By creating lesson plans that require students to compose sentences using new morphosyntactic structures

Illustrate how a child's use of verbs develops from simple present to more complex forms such as auxiliaries and modals.

Children use simple present forms and gradually develop the use of auxiliaries and modals.Based on the stages of pronoun development, apply your understanding to determine when children begin using possessive pronouns.

Based on the stages of pronoun development, apply your understanding to determine when children begin using possessive pronouns.

Around 2 years

In an experiment on word order sensitivity, how would you illustrate the difference between "cats would jump benches" and "cats jump wood benches"?

By observing infants' reactions to different word orders

How would you apply the concept of bootstrapping in language acquisition to explain how children learn the grammar of their native tongue?

Children use features of language, like intonation and context, to infer grammatical rules

How would you experiment with sentence structure to demonstrate intrasentential movement?

Transform "The book was given to Mary by John" to "John gave the book to Mary" to illustrate intrasentential movement

Explain how pronouns contribute to cohesion in discourse.

Pronouns reduce repetition and create cohesive ties.

Modify a sentence to illustrate the difference between a transitive and an intransitive verb.

"She sings" to "She sings a song."

When examining children's early sensitivities to word order, what kind of experiment might you design?

An experiment using nonsense syllables in different orders

Interpret the meaning of a sentence using a possessive pronoun to show ownership.

"This book is mine" indicates ownership.

When interpreting the results of a statistical learning experiment, how would you apply the findings to a real-world scenario?

By understanding that children track the frequency of syllable pairs to learn word boundaries

Which critique of the Construction-Based Approach is most valid from a developmental perspective?

It may require more individualized instruction to address specific developmental needs

How should practitioners rank the importance of various bootstrapping methods in early language education?

By evaluating their role in significantly enhancing children's linguistic abilities and overall language development, ensuring practical and measurable benefits

How would you summarize the key advantage of the Construction-Based Approach over the Competition Model?

It emphasizes meaningful communication and functional language use in real-world contexts

What is the most effective way to persuade parents of the benefits of early language interventions using bootstrapping methods?

By presenting success stories and research evidence showing significant improvements in children’s language skills and overall cognitive development through bootstrapping methods

Which method is most convincing for justifying the use of phonological bootstrapping in early language education?

It helps infants use innate processing capacities to build linguistic representations, facilitating the acquisition of grammar through natural exposure

According to the Construction-Based Approach, what happens when children fail to use a grammatical structure with all the words they know?

They have not yet developed abstract grammatical rules

Analyze the following: "She is running quickly."

"Is" is an auxiliary verb helping the main verb "running," and "quickly" is an adverb modifying the verb

Infer the difference between derivational and inflectional morphemes.

Derivational morphemes create new words and can change grammatical categories, while inflectional morphemes modify existing words to express different grammatical features.

Question the effectiveness of bootstrapping hypotheses in explaining grammar acquisition.

Bootstrapping hypotheses suggest that children use environmental inputs and their innate cognitive processing capacities to acquire grammar, highlighting how different language features aid this process

Infer how infants' sensitivity to word order can be tested.

Infants' sensitivity to word order can be tested by observing their reactions to sentences with different word orders, as shown by studies using the preferential looking technique

How should practitioners rank the importance of various grammatical elements in early language assessment?

By evaluating their role in the syntactic and morphological development of language, which are critical for advanced language skills

In what way can educators defend the use of semantic bootstrapping in language teaching?

By providing evidence that it helps children use their understanding of word meanings to infer grammatical rules, thereby enhancing their overall language development

What is the best way to argue for the significance of morphosyntax in language acquisition?

It enables children to alter word forms and structure sentences correctly, reflecting a deeper grasp of language rules

How should researchers critique the limitations of syntactic bootstrapping in explaining language acquisition?

By assessing whether it can adequately explain the acquisition of complex grammatical structures and its applicability across different languages

How should researchers critique the limitations of syntactic bootstrapping in explaining language acquisition?

By assessing whether it can adequately explain the acquisition of complex grammatical structures and its applicability across different languages

Recognize an example of a free morpheme.

Book

List an example of a derivational morpheme.

Un-

Describe the purpose of inflectional morphemes.

To express grammatical relationships

Verbalize the role of morphology in language development.

It studies word forms and structures.

Label the type of morpheme that changes the grammatical category of a word.

Derivational morphemes

List an example of a syntactic structure children learn through bootstrapping.

Noun-verb agreement

Describe an example of semantic bootstrapping.

Using the meanings of words to infer syntactic structures

Recall the concept of "pattern makers" in linguistic development.

They assist in organizing linguistic data into rules

List a common method used in syntactic bootstrapping.

Using syntactic frames to infer verb meanings

Identify the primary focus of syntactic bootstrapping.

Using syntactic context to infer verb meanings

Imagine you are developing a language learning game for children. How would you integrate the concept of pronoun reversals into the game design?

By creating activities that specifically address pronoun reversals

How would you apply the concept of bootstrapping in language acquisition to explain how children learn the grammar of their native tongue?

Children use features of language, like intonation and context, to infer grammatical rules

Explain how pronouns contribute to cohesion in discourse.

Pronouns reduce repetition and create cohesive ties.

Based on the stages of pronoun development, apply your understanding to determine when children begin using possessive pronouns.

Around 2 years

How can you predict the development of morphosyntactic productivity in children who speak agglutinative languages?

They develop it relatively early, around eighteen months

How would you compute the importance of grammar in early childhood language acquisition based on the information provided?

By recognizing that early sensitivity to grammatical structures indicates its importance from infancy

To apply your knowledge of morphosyntactic development, at what age do English-speaking children typically start producing morphosyntax?

At around twenty-four months

How might you explain the concept of statistical learning in language acquisition to a parent?

By explaining that children track the frequency and patterns of syllables and sounds in their environment

Examine the impact of pronoun reversals in children with developmental disorders such as ASD or Down Syndrome.

Pronoun reversals are common in both typical and atypical development but more persistent in ASD or Down Syndrome.

How would you construct a sentence that demonstrates the use of an uncontractible auxiliary verb?

"She is running" shows the use of the uncontractible auxiliary "is"

How would you apply the principles of Brown's Stages to analyze the sentence "The boy kicks the ball" for grammatical development?

Identify the use of grammatical morphemes such as present progressive tense and articles

Plan a study to test the acquisition of irregular past tense verbs in children.

By observing children's spontaneous speech and their use of both regular and irregular verbs, it is possible to study the acquisition of irregular past tense verbs

What does the concept of 'cue validity' refer to in the Competition Model?

The reliability of linguistic cues in conveying meaning

Analyze the role of prosodic bootstrapping in language acquisition.

It uses stress patterns and intonation to highlight grammatical groupings.

Question the effectiveness of bootstrapping hypotheses in explaining grammar acquisition.

Bootstrapping hypotheses suggest that children use environmental inputs and their innate cognitive processing capacities to acquire grammar, highlighting how different language features aid this process

How does the Competition Model view the process of language acquisition across different languages?

A combination of individual differences and common patterns

Explain the role of morphological markers in the Competition Model.

They serve as crucial cues for grammatical structure and meaning.

Discuss the significance of prosodic bootstrapping in early language development.

It aids in segmenting speech into grammatical units.

Classify the following morphemes: -s (plural), un-, -ed (past tense), re-.

All are bound morphemes.

Discuss how perceptual and storage filters help children learn grammar.

By guiding attention to specific linguistic features

Interpret the significance of pronoun reversals in children’s language development.

They indicate the understanding of perspective.

Compare statistical learning with syntactic bootstrapping.

Statistical learning emphasizes frequency patterns.

Summarize the importance of prosodic bootstrapping in early language development.

It helps segment speech into grammatical units.

Interpret the significance of pivot grammar in early language development.

It uses a limited set of words to form simple sentences.

Interpret the significance of pattern makers in organizing linguistic data.

They help organize linguistic data into rules.

Explain the concept of morphological markers in linguistic development.

They serve as crucial cues for grammatical structure and meaning.

Discuss the importance of word order in syntactic bootstrapping.

It aids in understanding sentence meaning.

Interpret the significance of pivot grammar in early language development.

It uses a limited set of words to form simple sentences.

How do children learn the significance of morphological markers according to the Competition Model?

By detecting reliable cues

Explain the concept of "pattern makers" in linguistic development (Daniel Slobin)

They assist in organizing linguistic patterns into grammatical rules.

How does the Construction-Based Approach explain the learning of new syntactic patterns by children?

By specific lexical item familiarity

Interpret the significance of pattern makers in organizing linguistic data.

They help organize linguistic data into rules.

Which aspect of the Competition Model emphasizes the variability in language learning among individuals?

Individual Differences

Compare the roles of free and bound morphemes in language.

Free morphemes can stand alone, bound morphemes cannot.

Describe the primary function of pronouns in language development.

To replace nouns and reduce repetitiveness

Summarize the role of statistical learning in language acquisition.

It involves tracking the distributional properties of sounds and syllables.

How can you predict the development of morphosyntactic productivity in children who speak agglutinative languages?

They develop it relatively early, around eighteen months

How would you apply the Competition Model to explain why children learning English rely heavily on word order?

Because English lacks rich morphological markers, making word order essential for conveying meaning

How can you experiment with the Construction-Based Approach to show how children learn grammatical structures?

By presenting children with common sentence patterns and analyzing how they use these patterns to produce new sentences

How would you modify the sentence "The cat is sleeping" to illustrate the use of a contractible copula?

Change "is sleeping" to "cat's sleeping" to show the contractible form

Modify a sentence to illustrate the difference between a transitive and an intransitive verb.

"She sings" to "She sings a song."

How might you explain the concept of statistical learning in language acquisition to a parent?

By explaining that children track the frequency and patterns of syllables and sounds in their environment

In an experiment on word order sensitivity, how would you illustrate the difference between "cats would jump benches" and "cats jump wood benches"?

By observing infants' reactions to different word orders

Predict the age at which children generally produce nonreversible passive constructions.

By age 9