ap gov required court cases

Which cases cover apportionment & redistricting?

Baker v Carr, Shaw v Reno

Maryland v McCulloch

States placing tax on US National Bank, but states do not have this right. Congress can create a national bank because of the necessary & proper cause. Federal government overrules state government!

Marbury v Madison

Judicial review resulted from this case, congress cannot pass laws that supersede the constitution.

US v Lopez

High school student brought unloaded gun to school, violated a FEDERAL law but this law was found unconstitutional. Congress was exceeding the interstate commerce law, proof of 10th amendment if it’s not explicitly in constitution then it’s up to state.

Engel v Vitale

New York private schools held morning prayers but this violated the 1st amendment and resulted it any government (state & federal) not being allowed to promote religion

Wisconsin v Yoder

Amish families refusing to send children to high school violating a state law but this violates the 1st amendment, freedom of practicing religion.

Tinker v Des Moines

High school students wore black arm bands to protest the Vietnam war, but they have the right to political symbolic speech through 1st amendment. Students have rights at school.

New York Times v US

Nixon administration wanted to withhold information from publication but that violates the 1st amendment, freedom of press

Schenck v US

Individual protesting the military draft, but worked against him due to time of war and congress’ power during war, allowed time, place, manner restrictions on 1st amendment freedom of speech

Gideon v Wainwright

Florida homeless man was charged with crime and requested an attorney provided by state and was declined. Resulted in not only federal but states to provide legal counsel (based from 6th amendment)

McDonald v Chicago

Chicago “banned” purchasing handguns but this violated the 2nd amendment since people have the right to bear arms in self-defense

Brown v Board of Education

Black students weren’t allowed to attend school based purely on race (racial segregation), 13th amendment equal protection cause

Citizens United v FEC

Corporations and Unions not allowed to support political ideologies, based on 1st amendment for free speech there were allowed to support as if they were individuals except cannot direct support (monetarily)

Baker v Carr

Tennessee unequal district sizes over time, apportionment is justifiable for federal government to get involved, led to 1 person 1 vote principle for equal representation, 14th amendment

Shaw v Reno

North Carolina created district boundaries to encourage minorities to vote, however district drawing based on race is a violation since constitution is supposed to be color blind, 14th amendment