Geography theme 3

Vocabulary, statistics, names, and such for theme 1 geography IGCSE CIE

Name 2 economic, physical, and cultural/political impacts of globalization

Economic impacts

• The international movement of workers

• The global movement of commodities

Physical impacts

• The development of a hierarchy of global cities

• The increasing uniformity of landscapes

• Environmental degradation

Cultural/political impacts

• Cultural diffusion

• Mass tourism

• Global civil society

Case study for an agricultural system with specific location

The lower Ganghis valley, spans across Bangladesh and India, India’s most agriculturally productive farming location.

Intensive, arable, commercial.

Nadia district is an area where rice farming is most intensive

Name the terms to describe farming type

• Arable

• Pastural

• Mixed

• Intensive

• Extensive

• Commercial

• Subsistence

Factors impacting rice farming in lower ghangis valley

Physical factors

• Temperatures of 21c and over all year

• 5 month growth cycle allows for a two crop rotating system with double the output

• Monsoon rainfall of +2000 mm per year,

  enough to keep fields ‘wet’ and irrigation isn’t needed

• Rich alluvial soils- Bangladesh is on a

  delta, regular flooding and rich mineral deposition in the soil

• Dry season for harvesting, essential for rice cultivation

• Terraces for more rice growth on the sides of the valley

Human factors

• Traditions going back generations of manual farming

• Social disaproval of use of technologies- water buffalos are the traditional technique

• The settlement of many families in the area centered around rice farming- 1000 per km2

• Grain transport is less expensive

• The market is demanding (they are largest rice producer in Asia), Rice is 75% of the diet in the region

• Limited investment of funding

• Little involvment of governments or TNCs to take portions of crop yield

Case study a region that suffers from famine

South Sudan, relatively large country in Eastern Africa with a huge hunger crisis with rates of 30%

6M people dont have adequate food supply

The South Darfur region in particular has high rates of malnutrition due to conlict in the region

Causes of shood shortages in South Sudan

Physical

• Long-term decline of rainfall

• Exploitation of land leading to degredation

  -soil erosion

• Flooding

Social

• High population growth of 3%- overexploitation of land

• Conflict and civil war in South Darfur between government and rebels, complicating agricultural production

Economic

• Low supply of fertilisers

• Dependency on food imports with a lack of funds for it

• Lack of infrastructure for resource allocation

• Few markets to distribute food

• Limited access to areas with severe famine

• Storing food

Impacts of food shortages in South Sudan

Short term

• Malnurishment rates of 15%

  -People become less resistant to illnesses

  -Spread of diseases and deficiencies

  -People lose intellectual and physical power

  -People arn’t able to work as effectively, limmits productivity

  -prevents people from persuing forms of income outside of agriculture

Creates a cycle of unproductivity which is difficult to break.

Possible solutions to food and water shortages

• Food aid in various forms

  US method of spreading food aid was critisized for selling heavily subsidized foods and damaging the ability of local farmers to produce for local markets

• Programs intruducing new hybrid varieties of seeds (yields can double and quadrouple)

• Sharing information on hybrid seed varieties and agricultural technology

• Aid to invest in agricultural infrastructure

• Investing in small-hold farmers

• educational initiatives on sustainability and hunger prevention

Factors affecting location of industries

Physical

• Cost and availability of land

• Water supply (for some industries)

• Cost and availiability of electricity

• Raw materials

• Climate (depends on the industry)- sunny weather means lower heating bills and higher quality of life

Human

• Investment from governments

• Quantity and cost of labour

• Availability of skilled workers

• Market demand

• Government policies

Case study on an industrial zone

Silicon Valley, a zone in California, USA where over 2000 tech companies are located

The San Fransisco airpost and Berkeley university

Reasons for the location of tech companies in Silicon Valley

• Proximity to world renowned universities Stanford, Berkeley, University of California. -Access to skilled professionals and new research

• Theres a lot of money in circulation and it's easy to find funding

• Because of the space race, there was a lot of funding for tech companies, spiraling the growth of Silicon Valley

• It's close to San Francisco for the large urban market

• Close many airports and harbours (San fransisco airport) to get products to the market

• Tech companies can share research between each other

• Permissive government regulation

Reasons for the growth of tourism

Economic

• Increasing disposable income

• Decreasing cost of holidays

• Larger range of destinations affordable to the middle income range

• Heavy marketing

• More budget airlines

• Globalisation increased buisness travel

• Increasing days of paid leave

• Government investment in tourism

• International events (olympic games, World Cup)

Social

• Globalisation and cultural diffusion increasing desire for new experieces

• Raised expectations of travel with social media

• Rising levels of immigrants who travel abroad to visit family and friends

Benefits of tourism to destinations

• Provides income to small, developing countries

• Provides jobs

• More employment in rural areas reduces rural-urban migration

• Stimulates economic growth

• Creates opportunities for small buisnesses

• Cultural diffusion

• Appreciation for a culture and it’s history

Disadvantages of tourism to destinations

• Economic leakages- the majority of money tourists pay doesn’t go to the local economy

• Most jobs created are seasonal, low-pay and unstable, since labour is brought oversees for higher positions

• Environmental degredation

• Money borowed for tourism infrastructure can increase national debt

• Locations can become over-dependant

• Tourism can take away resources from the local people

• Large hotel companies can overwhelm local buisnesses

• Disrespect to the local customs

• Degredation of the natural attractions

Ways sustainable tourism can be practiced

1. Fly less and stay longer to minimize carbon emissions and to benefit destinations more

2. Carbon-offset flights paying more for flights that leave less carbon footprint

3. ‘Slow' travel with less carbon footprints

4. Staycations- remaining home

5. Tourism hubs, enclosed tourist service areas which minimaze the impact on locals

6. Protected areas (creating nature reserves and national parks)

7. Quotas- restricting the number of tourists allowed

Case study on an area where eco-tourism is practiced

Kenya

Relatively large country in east Africa.

• ca. 7.5% is designated for wildlife conservation,

• 23 National Parks

• 28 National Reserves e.g. Nairobi national park

How is eco-tourism practiced in Kenya

• introduction of an ‘Eco-rating Scheme’ to incourage sustainable organisations and tourists to use eco-friendly uinstitutions

• Implement sustainability guidelines

• Educational initatives on the impacts of tourism

• Implement wildlife conservation fees

• Employing local specialised guides

• Encouraging tourists to spend in local markets

• Legal and financial support to fight for land rights of local communities

• Encouraging sourcing electricity from renewable sources

• Using waste-water for irrigation

• Educating tourists apon arrival upon local customs and respectful behaviour