BIO 1 EXAM

Covalent Bonds

Involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms and are typically very strong.

Ionic Bonds

Form from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions; generally strong but not as strong as covalent bonds in many contexts.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weaker than ionic bonds; occur when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom interacts with another electronegative atom.

Van der Waals Forces

Weakest intermolecular interactions arising from temporary or induced dipoles.

Cations

Positively charged ions that form when an atom loses electrons, resulting in more protons than electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged ions that form when an atom gains electrons, resulting in more electrons than protons.

Water’s Versatility as a Solvent

Water is polar and can form hydration shells around many solutes, facilitating the dissolution of various substances.

Expansion Upon Freezing

When water freezes, hydrogen bonds form a more ordered structure, causing the water molecules to spread apart and expand.

Ability to Moderate Temperature

Water has a high heat capacity, allowing it to absorb or release large amounts of heat with slight temperature changes.

Cohesion and Adhesion of Water

Cohesion is the sticking of water molecules to each other, while adhesion is the ability of water to stick to other substances.

Polar Nature of Water

Water is polar because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, causing it to have partial negative and positive charges.

Molar Mass of Glucose

One mole of glucose weighs 180 grams and contains 6.023 × 10²³ molecules.

Acidic Solutions

An acidic solution can have a pH of 2, 0.002 H⁺ per mole, and has more H⁺ than OH⁻ ions.