BIO 1 EXAM

Flashcard 1: Covalent Bonds

• Front: What are covalent bonds and how do they form?

• Back: Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These bonds are typically very strong.

Flashcard 2: Ionic Bonds

• Front: What are ionic bonds and how do they form?

• Back: Ionic bonds form from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. They are generally strong but not as strong as covalent bonds in many contexts.

Flashcard 3: Hydrogen Bonds

• Front: What are hydrogen bonds and how strong are they compared to other bonds?

• Back: Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic bonds. They occur when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) interacts with another electronegative atom.

Flashcard 4: Van der Waals Forces

• Front: What are Van der Waals forces and how do they occur?

• Back: Van der Waals forces are the weakest intermolecular interactions. They arise from temporary or induced dipoles.

Flashcard 5: Cations

• Front: What are cations and how do they form?

• Back: Cations are positively charged ions that form when an atom loses electrons, leaving it with more protons than electrons.

Flashcard 6: Anions

• Front: What are anions and how do they form?

• Back: Anions are negatively charged ions that form when an atom gains electrons, leading to more electrons than protons.

Flashcard 7: Water’s Versatility as a Solvent

• Front: Why is water a versatile solvent?

• Back: Water is polar and can form hydration shells around many different solutes, helping dissolve various substances.

Flashcard 8: Expansion Upon Freezing

• Front: What happens to water when it freezes?

• Back: Hydrogen bonds in ice form a more "ordered" structure, spreading the water molecules apart and causing expansion.

Flashcard 9: Ability to Moderate Temperature

• Front: How does water moderate temperature?

• Back: Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature due to its high heat capacity.

Flashcard 10: Cohesion and Adhesion of Water

• Front: What are cohesion and adhesion in water?

• Back: Cohesion refers to water molecules sticking to each other due to hydrogen bonds, while adhesion is the ability of water to stick to other substances.

Flashcard 11: Polar Nature of Water

• Front: Why is water considered a polar molecule?

• Back: In a water molecule, oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, causing shared electrons to spend more time around oxygen, making it partially negative, and hydrogen partially positive.

Flashcard 12: Molar Mass of Glucose

• Front: What is true about one mole of glucose?

• Back: One mole of glucose weighs 180 grams and contains 6.023 × 10²³ molecules of glucose.

Flashcard 13: Acidic Solutions

• Front: What is true about an acidic solution? (Select all that apply)

• Back:

  • It can have a pH of 2.

  • It can have 0.002 H⁺ per mole.

  • It has more H⁺ than OH⁻ ions.