LifeSci 7A (W1-W2)

Hydrogen Carbon

Low electronegativity

Oxygen Nitrogen

High Electronegativity

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Bonding electrons shared equally

Polar covalent bonds

unequal share of elecrons

Hydrogen bonds

a partially postive H and partially negative O or N from another molecule

Ionic bond

form between opposite charged ions (polar)

Van der Waals

temp. charge (all molecules)

Hydrophilic (polar)

easy to dissolve in water

Hydrophobic (non polar)

repel from water

Prokaryotic Cells

No nucleuos, no oraganelles, no big size

Eukaryotic cells

yes nucleus, yes organelles, yes bigger size,

Mitochondrian

Powerhouse

Nucleus

DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

calcium, protein produced

Golgi Apparatus

sorts and transports proteins

Lysosomes

recycle and dispose of broken down organelles

Membranes

include phospholids, proteins, and cholestrol

saturated (straight)

less fluid

unsaturated (kink)

more fluid

Head of phospohlid

hydrophilic

Tail

hydrophobic

Hydrophobic molecules pass rate

easy pass

small uncharged polar molecules pass rate

some pass

Large uncharged polar pass rate

little pass

ions pass rate

no pass

Diffusion ( passive transport)

movement of molecules from high to low, no ATP

Osmosis (passive transport)

movement of water from low to high

Facilitated Diffision

high to low, protein

Primary active transport

ATP, Low to high

Secondary active transport

energy from primary, atp

hypotonic

low concentration

Hypertonic

high concentration

metabolism

total chmical reactions

anabolism

simpler to complex, requires energy

catabolism

complex to simpler, releases energy

exergonic

release enrgy

endergonic

require energy

entropy

disorder

Enzymes

increase chem reactions by decreasing activation energy

activators

increase reaction rate

inhibitors

decrease reaction

if you increase reactants

-delta G (exergonic)

increase products

+delta G = endergonic

Products and reactants influence delta G

Oxidation

Lose electrons

Reduction

Gains electrons