midterm

In the introductory reading, I discuss at length the differences between leaders, _____, and _____, arguing that "leader" is the higher-level and more comprehensive term.

**advocates, activists** 

The CNU definition of Sustainability is: The ability for _____ and _____ to ______. 

**ecological, social systems, thrive together in perpetuity**

In my Introduction, I define sustainable leaders as those who are:

**out in front, guiding others towards the goal of ecological sustainability**

According to Marsh, nature is ______ while man is ______.

**finely balanced, a disturbing agent.**

(true/false) Marsh suggests that a certain measure of human transformation of nature is necessary in order to fully develop as humans, but that we have exceeded the necessary amount of natural transformation.

**True**

(true/false) According to Kline, most early American (European) settlers tended to look upon nature as having intrinsic value.

**False**

According to Emerson, one thing farmers cannot own is:

**the landscape**

What, according to Thoreau, is missing from the histories of our towns?

**descriptions of their natural wonders and features**

(true/false) Emerson believes that beauty is a completely human invention that we impose upon nature.

**False**

(true/false) Thoreau argues that it is alright to privatize a huckleberry field, as long as people are able to pay to pick the huckleberries.

 **False**

Emerson believes that a man of virtue…

**is in harmony with nature**

(true/false) Thoreau feels that book-learning should come first - before experiencing nature.

**False**

Kline argues that Native Americans had a ______ impact on the land and animals when compared with European settlers

**Lesser**

According to Kline, in early America a crop that was bound up with both slavery and the destruction of nature was:

**tobacco** 

American colonists believed that ____ gave them the right to colonize and exploit North America

**God**

Thoreau argues that by privatizing huckleberry fields, we are producing a "______" effect - i.e. we are keeping others from enjoying something that we ourselves have no way or intention of enjoying

**dog in the manger**

According to Emerson, nature is the symbol of:

**soul or spirit**

The term coined in the 1840s to describe Americans' zeal and sense of righteousness in settling the West was:

**Manifest Destiny**

As discussed at length by Kline in Chapter 4, _____, _____, then _____ successively (in that order) powered American industry as it grew

**wood, coal, oil**

In chapter 4, Kline describes a symbiosis between the growth of Eastern industry and Western settlement, in the latter part of the ____ century

**19th (1800s)**

As discussed in KIine chapter 2, and queried in the reading questions, horses _____ before the Europeans arrived

**had previously existed in North America but went extinct**

As discussed at length in Kline, for European colonists the number one value was:

**acquiring and possessing land** 

As discussed in Kline and in the National Parks documentary, an early voice for protection of the Bison and Native Americans was the painter:

**George Catlin**

There are a  total of ____ UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

**17**

Which one is NOT an SDG?

**Phase out cities and return populations to the countryside**

Thoreau loved which form of locomotion?

**walking**

Which statement is false?

**Early American settlers tended to view wilderness as a friendly inviting place**

Emerson argues, in regard to human language:

**That words are signs of natural facts**

(true/false) Marsh argues that "natural arrangements", once disturbed by man, may not be not restored until man withdraws from the area

**True**

According to Redekop, bicycles:

**All of the above**

(true/false) Emerson argued that when we are in nature, our ego grows and we become more self-focused

**False**

(true/false) Both Emerson and Thoreau tie American identity and vigor to Nature in all its abundance

**True**

As mentioned in the Marsh reading, and discussed at length in the excerpt on Marsh from my book, deforestation (choose which one does NOT belong):

**Has been necessary aspect of human progress**

(true/false) Marsh felt that all humans - including native Americans - had an equally negative impact on nature

**False**

As stated on p. 50, and reflected throughout Chapter 4, during the 19th century, "Americans believed that wildlife, like the nation's minerals, woodlands, and waters, _______."

**Was a resource to be tapped and exploited for their needs**

*Forest and Stream* editor George Bird Grinnell was a key founder of the ______Club, which became an important early conservation organization. 

\n Boone and Crockett

Theodore Roosevelt’s “leading principle” of his land policy was:

\n saving the natural resources in the public domain for public use

Roosevelt operated on the idea that the President is a “_______” of public resources

steward

According to Gifford Pinchot, the “single object of the public land system of the United States” was: 

"the making and maintenance of prosperous homes"

According to Aldo Leopold, “A land ethic changes the role of *Homo Sapiens* from _________ of the land-community to ___________ of it.”

conqueror, plain member and citizen

(true/false) Leopold felt that morals and ethics make little difference to how we care for the land; what is needed are more laws and regulations

False

Which image does Leopold think best describes the functioning of the biotic community?

a pyramid

Besides talking about what is happening to birds in the United States, Rachel Carson talks at length about similar problems in:

England

In our reading, Carson cited extensive evidence showing that insecticidal poison affects the ability of birds to:

reproduce

(true/false) Unlike Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt was not interested in nature and did nothing to help the environment while he was President

false

According to Theodore Roosevelt, “The Conservation movement was a direct outgrowth of the ______ movement.”

forest

By “the land” Leopold meant: 

all the above

Leopold felt that “the conqueror role is eventually self-defeating” because conquerors:

\n don't fully understand the workings of the communities they conquer

(true/false) Kline discusses Rachel Carson in the reading for this week (chapter 6)

True

(true/false) Carson discusses bald eagles in the *Silent Spring* excerpt that we read.

True

(true/false) Roosevelt and Pinchot opposed “reclamation” projects in the west that would dam rivers and flood canyons

False

Those like Muir who wanted to set aside forests and other wild areas for their own sake, and NOT for development, were commonly called: 

“preservationists”

According to Leopold, "One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no _____ value."

economic

(true/false) John Muir felt that the only way to truly protect public lands was for private corporations to adopt a "land ethic" much like the one advocated by Leopold.

False

Muir can be characterized as a _______ leader (choose which one does NOT belong):

power-hungry

(true/false) Muir believed that the battle to preserve forests and other natural habitats was over once an area had been protected in one way or another (e.g. forest reserve)

False

(true/false) Muir wanted to keep tourists and mountaineers out of the Sierras, in order to better protect them

False

Choose which one does NOT belong. In my lecture on Theodore Roosevelt, I discuss 5 "strands" of his embodied environmental leadership, including:

hiker

(true/false) According to Kline, Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" included a variety of provisions that advanced conservationism

True

(true/false) As discussed in my excerpt on Rachel Carson, she was totally opposed to all human attempts to control insects, and provided no alternatives to the use of synthetic chemicals.

False

Choose which one does NOT belong. Rachel Carson:

retracted some sections of Silent Spring due to inaccuracies.

(true/false) As discussed in my excerpt on Muir, he idolized Emerson and received a visit from him

True

Choose which one is NOT one of the three stages or types of ethical systems (one of which did not yet exist at the time he was writing) that Leopolod discusses

ethics concerned with the relation between groups

(true/false) Gifford Pinchot felt that American prosperity was dependent on its natural resources like coal, wood, and iron

True

According to both Leopold and Carson, when we act as _________ of nature we inevitably run into trouble because we don't fully understand how nature works

conqueror

what is the main point that Muir is trying to get at in “American Forests”?

* The history and harmful effects of deforestation

what was Muir’s biggest critique of European settlers? why would saying this take courage?

* he denounces the colonial trend of pillaging and destroying native forests for agricultural use (specifically monoculture & profiting off timber)
* this viewpoint would not have been common as many people at the time viewed taking land as a god-given right

how was the U.S. behind other civilized nations in the world when it came to forest protection? what were some other nations doing? (Muir)

* Muir stated: “every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we.”
* He used examples like Prussia, France, Switzerland, Russia, India, & Japan b/c they take replenishment & sustainability into mind when the use forest resources

according to Muir what is the proper role of the “state” in forest protection? how has the gov’t acted instead?

* he favors gov’t intervention to protect resources
* he argues that our gov’t has acted like “a rich and foolish spendthrift” who has left its inheritance to be “sold and plundered and wasted at will”

what has been the overall effect of timber laws? have they actually protected timber on public lands? (Muir)

* no b/c they focus on maintaining federal timber resources over actual protection
* only draws weak regulations on industries from pillaging forests

what was the average pioneer’s view of forests? why were timber thieves seldom convicted? (Muir)

* pioneers viewed forests as “boundless & inexhaustible as the oceans” and that timber was “as necessary as bread”
* thieves were rarely convicted b/c majority of the jury committed the same crimes & many ppl opposed the gov’t restrictions on the exploitation of timber

what are some reasons for the emergence of some “tree-friends”? (Muir)

* they emerged as a result of large corporations capitalizing upon forests
* they saw the results of deforestation becoming evident (i.e. erosion & scenery loss, etc.)

why does Muir think Uncle Sam is a fool?

* he states that the process by which the gov’t sells land to timber capitalists for less than $3 an acre is foolish b/c individual trees are worth over $100

how does Muir describe the commerce of land buyers at the time? how is he similar to an old testament prophet?

* He says that it is a process of robbery and waste from start to finish
* he calls to action against the status quo & advocates for the oppressed

what is the big picture of what is happening to the “big trees” and redwoods? what are the threats? (Muir)

* the redwoods, sequoias, and other forests are being targeted like game & only appreciated at price tag value
* the methods of harvesting them are wasteful and impractical

referencing Thoreau, Muir says that out west even the skies are not safe. Why aren't the skies safe? How does he depict the poor burnt trees?

* The skies are no longer safe due to the smoke from lumber mills and forest fires incited by man
* He describes the trees as "touchingly" somewhat half-alive, destroyed, and blasted into black stumps that almost feel as though they are appealing to heaven for help.

how does Muir shift to a rhetorical approach and how is he trying to effect change through his writing? why should the remaining trees be left on rocky slopes?

* He begins writing through more of a hopeful lens. He outlines what can still be done to save the remaining forests.
* He wants to appeal to ppl in power and garner public support.
* He explains that pillaging the mountain slop forests wouldn’t benefit anyone

who are the main enemies of sound forest policy? why do forests need gov’t protection according to Muir?

* enemy: capitalization of resources by massive corporations (not as much by individuals) w/out regard to sustainability
* he states that forests need “wise management” to maintain “a never-failing fountain of wealth and beauty”
* argues that the American dream wouldn’t be possible without the welcoming of the forests
* Muir’s main goal: fight for an end to unsupervised corporate destruction over the natural world

for whom/what does Muir speak for?

* speaks for the environmentalist movement as a whole
* he advocates on behalf of the trees but does so by appealing to and debating the intentions of men

what kind of leader is Pinchot in the environmental movement?

* he is more practical than Thoreau or Emerson
* doesn’t romanticize nature like transcendentalists

what are Americans doing w/ their natural resources? (Pinchot)

* he states that Americans have a choice to use & conserve or exploit resources
* the resource he deemed inexhaustible and reaped in short-sighted capacities is coal

what is “the single object of the public land system of the U.S.”? (Pinchot)

* he cites Roosevelt’s belief that public lands & their management are in efforts to **“making and maintaining prosperous homes”**

who has ended up w/ “great areas” of public lands? (Pinchot)

* large corporations have ended up w/ massive amounts of public land

what will be the consequences if the U.S. forests “fail”? (Pinchot)

* daily life will be majorly effected (industries will tank, transportation/electric prices will rise, soil/food will be ravaged, and overall quality of life will decrease.

why is the conservation of natural resources important? what is left out? (Pinchot)

* conservation is an effort to ensure the prosperity of future generations
* personal benefits of appreciating nature are not heavily discussed in the reading

what are Roosevelt’s main environmental policy goals?

1. prevent/stop indiscriminate land exploitation
2. natural resources belong to all people & the president should be the steward
3. gov’t should reclaim arid lands
4. forests should be preserved & used wisely
5. river systems should also be preserved & sparingly developed
6. federal gov’t should familiarize state & local gov’ts w/ conservation procedures

what was the basic conflict between public and private? what does Roosevelt mean by the “public” or “private interests”? which side is he on? (Roosevelt)

* conflict: public was not favored in issuing of land & property through the General Land Office whereas the private was
* public = home-builder & settlers
* private = large corporations
* he was on the public’s side

when Roosevelt came into office the forests were not well protected, what was his response to this? what did he have the Bureau of Forestry do to ensure they were well-protected?

* when he entered office the General Land Office managed public forests (had no experience) so he consolidated it to the Bureau of Forestry
* the U.S. Forest Service was founded officially after this
* new bureau examined the conditions/needs of the forests, worked w/ states in doing the same, and talked w/ Native Americans

what were the basic principles of Roosevelt’s conservation policy? what is “stewardship” all about?

* public interest is more important than private interests
* believed public should have priority over private
* the president acts as a steward to support the public

the conservation movement was a direct outgrowth of which movement? why does Roosevelt say this in the reading?

* it is a direct outgrowth of the forest movement
* he says this b/c the foundational ideas of forest management & preservation from privatization became applicable to other natural resources in the bigger picture “conservation” movement

when did the Governor’s Conference take place? what was it and how did Roosevelt’s leadership play a role in it?

* took place in May of 1908 in the White House
* various governors, international representatives, & other domestic orgs worked w/ the president to establish 36 state commissions, draft a declaration on conservation, & the National Conservation Commission
* The National Conservation Commission published a report of the nation’s natural resource > Roosevelt called it “one of the most fundamentally important documents”
* overall message: divide & conquer in leadership

what was the leading principle of Roosevelt’s public land policy?

“the saving of resources on the public domain for public use”

Roosevelt highlights what happened to public forest ownership since the civil war, what are the percentages of forests in public v.s. private hands then v.s. now?

* before civil war: 3/4 (75%) of timber was in public domain & after civil war: 4/5 (80%) of timber is in private hands
* this push towards public interest lands having priority over private interests was the 1st major shift to how ppl understood the role of the gov’t in relation to democratic lands & protection from overuse

what made Roosevelt unique as a president and an environmentalist?

he preserved more wild lands than any president before or since

what was the true root of Roosevelt’s conservationism?

* not based in preservation
* he believed the future & improvement of society was achieved by favoring the public over private
* corporations weren’t sustainable & often burned fast/bright while interests of the public are long-term

an “ethic” has its origin in what? what is a social ethic? (Leopold Almanac)

* originate in “tendencies” of interdependent groups or individuals in their transition to co-operation
* social ethics are those that exist between humans and other humans

what were the concerns of the first ethical systems? how have they changed? (Leopold Almanac)

* the 1st ethics had to do w/ interpersonal relationships (ex: 10 commandments - “thou shall not steal”)
* then they progressed into individuals & society (ex: the golden rule or democracy)
* the lack of environmental or land ethics is a result of primitive property relations (idea that land is still property to be exploited by man)

“A land ethic may be regarded as a mode of guidance…Animal instincts are modes of guidance for…” what does Leopold mean by this?

* he’s stating that environmental ethics can provide a framework for how communities prevent, handle, react to, and mitigate environmental crises

what are some impediments to our developing a land ethic? (Leopold Almanac)

* the competitive nature of man & the narrow borders defining communities

“the land ethic simply ___ the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, & animals, or collectively ______.” what is the basic evolutionary progression of ethics is Leopold talking about?

* **enlarges** the boundaries…collectively the **land**
* he’s saying that ethics have progressed from (1) interpersonal and (2) communal to (3) environmental