BIO 201 EXAM 1 ASU

anatomical position

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body

anatomical position importance

directional terms are based on it, right and left refer to the body of the person, not the right and left of the viewer

sagittal plane

divides body into right and left parts

midsagittal plane

(median) divides the body into right and left directly on the midline

parasagittal plane

divides body into right and left off centered

frontal plane

(coronal) divides the body into anterior and posterior, front and back, parts

transverse plane

(horizontal) divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior, top and bottom, parts

oblique section

results of a cut at an angle other than 90 degrees to the vertical plane

axial region

consist of head, neck and trunk

thoracic region

above the diaphragm

abdominal region

below the diaphragm

right upper quadrant

consists of gallbladder

left upper quadrant

consists of most of the stomach

right lower quadrant

consists of appendix, in appendicitis, there is pain in here

left lower quadrant

consists of mostly the large intestine

appendicular region

consists of upper and lower limbs

dorsal body cavity

protects the nervous system, is superior to the ventral body cavity

cranial body cavity

encloses the brain

vertebral body cavity

encloses the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

contains organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic

thoracic cavity

divided into two parts by the mediastinum

mediastinum

region between the lungs, extends from the base of the neck to the diaphragm, contains the heart, blood vessels, esophagus, etc.

pericardium

two layer membrane enclosing the heart

visceral pericardium

inner layer, lines the organs

parietal pericardium

outer layer, lines the cavity walls

serous membrane

lubricating film of moisture similar to blood serum

pleural cavity

lining of the lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

contains the abdomen and pelvis, two layered serous membrane called peritoneum

abdominal cavity

contains the digestive system and stomach

greater omentum

large, apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hands down from the stomach

Claudius Galen

wrote the most influential anatomy book, a physician to the roman gladiators

Andreas Vesquium

broke rules and dissected cadavers, De Humani Corpus Fabrica

anatomy

study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

physiology

study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

palpation

process of using hands to examine the body

auscultation

process of listening to examine the body

percussion

process of tapping with fingers and hands to examine the body

sonography

(ultrasound) preferred imaging technique a doctor will use for pregnant women

homeostasis

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes, dynamic state of equilibrium

negative feedback

most-used feedback mechanism in body, response reduces or shuts off original stimulus; ex: regulation of body temperature

positive feedback

response enhances original stimulus, usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment; ex: oxytocin during labor and labor contractions

organism

composed of organ systems

organ system

composed of organs

tissue

composed of cells

cells

composed of organelles

organelles

composed of macromolecules

macromolecules

composed of molecules

molecules

composed of atoms

atoms

smallest unit of organization

pH

measurement derived from molarity of H, one increment increase in pH means 10 times increase in terms of H ions (a lower pH means higher H ions)

basic

pH of 14; ex: bleach, ammonia, oven cleaner, sodium hydroxide

neutral

pH of 7; ex: water

acidic

pH of 0; ex: lemon juice, gastric juice, vinegar

chemical bond

type of forces that hole molecules together or attract one molecule to another

ionic bond

relatively weak attraction between anion and cation, easily disrupt in water; ex: Na and Cl

covalent bond

shares one or more pairs of electrons, non polar: sharing equally, polar: sharing unequally

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between slightly positive Hydrogen atom in one molecule and slightly negative Oxygen or Nitrogen in another; ex: water

Van der Walls force

weak, brief attraction due to random disturbances in electrons, intermolecular forces

polymers

molecules made of a repetitive series of chemical or similar subunits called monomers

metabolism

all chemical reactions in the body; consists of anabolism and catabolism

anabolism

energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reaction, produces macromolecules

catabolism

energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition reaction, break down covalent bonds

monosaccharides

simple sugars, glucose (blood sugar), galactose, fructose

disaccharides

two monosaccharides, sucrose (cane sugar), lactose, maltose

polysaccharides

general chain of 50 or more monosaccharides, cellulose, starch (plant energy), glycogen (animal energy)

conjugated carbohydrates

glycoprotein, glycolipid, proteogylcon

lipids

hydrophobic organic molecule, less oxidized than carbohydrates

triglycerides

three fatty acids covalently linked to three carbon alcohol called glycerol; energy storage, thermal insulation, and shock absorption, binds organs and tissues together, protect and cushion

phospholipids

similar to triglycerides but one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group in return linked to another functional group; structural foundation of cell membrane

amphiphilic

tails are hydrophobic and heads are hydrophilic; form micelle and phospholipid bilayers

proteins

consist of more than 50 amino acids

peptides

molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

protein structure

conformation 3D shape; can change for enzymes, muscle contractions and open and closing of pores

primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids enclosed in the genes

secondary structure of protein

coiled or folded shape held together by Hydrogen bonds

alpha helix

spring-like shape

beta sheet

pleated, ribbon-like shape

tertiary structure of protein

folding and coiling of protein into globular and fibrous shapes; surrounding water

globular proteins

compact tertiary structure well suited for proteins embedded in cell membrane and proteins must move about freely in body fluid

fibrous proteins

slender filaments better suited for roles as in muscle contraction and skin strengthening

quaternary structure

2 or more polypeptide chains with each other

nucleic acid

polymers of nucleotides

DNA

double helix, sugar phosphate bone, inside nitrogenous bases; pyramids (C,T) and purines (A,G); A match with T and G match with T

plasma membrane

extra and intracellular face; 75% phospholipids, phosphate head and fatty acid tail

peripheral protein

adheres to one side of the membrane; phobic

integral protein

penetrates into the phospholipid bilayer

transmembrane protein

if the protein crosses all the way through the membrane, it is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

glycocalyx

carbohydrate group of glycolipids and glycoproteins, fuzzy coat outside of the cell; protects plasma membrane, immunity and infection, cancer defense, cell adhesion, fertilization, embryo development

microvilli

extension of plasma membrane, increases cell surface, in epithelial cells of intestines, "brush border"

cilia

nonmotile: found on nearly every cell, an antenna for monitoring nearby conditions, sensory in inner ear, retina, nasal cavity and kidney; motile: respiratory tract, uterine, brain, testes, sweeps substances

flagella

whip-like structures, only in sperm, wavy movement

pseudopod

finger-like extension, changes constantly, macrophages

filtration

physical pressure forces fluid through selectively permeable membrane, ex: coffee filter, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps into capillary wall

diffusion

net movement of particles from high to low concentration, substance diffuses down to concentration gradients

osmosis

net flow of water from selectively permeable membrane to one side and another

hypotonic

lower concentration, cell absorbing water; cell gets bigger

hypertonic

higher concentration, cell losing water; cell gets smaller

isotonic

cell is the same as intracellular fluid of the cell; cell remains the same

primary active transport

carrier moves solute through membrane up concentration gradient, uses ATP for energy

Na-K pump

uses ATP while expelling sodium and importing potassium into cell, consumes 1 ATP then exchanges 3 Na for 2 K, keeps K high and Na low, necessary because Na and K constantly leak