Anatomy and Physiology 2: Acid-Base Learning Objectives: Lecture Exam 4 Study Guide: Louis Kutcher.

Classify the major fluid compartments of the body (intracellular, extracellular, and interstitial) based on location, volume and composition of fluid found there

Classify the major fluid compartments of the body (intracellular, extracellular, and interstitial) based on location, volume and composition of fluid found there

Intracellular?

Location: within the cell.

Volume: 2/3 of total body water.

Composition: Potassium, magnesium, proteins.

Extracellular?

Location: outside the cell.

- surrounds tissue cells.

- fluid part of blood in vessels.

Volume: 1/3 of total body water.

Composition: sodium, chloride, bicarbonate.

Interstitial?

Location: between cells in tissues.

Volume: 3/4 of total ECF.

Composition: very low protein content.

Explain the regulation of water intake and output, including typical daily values?

Explain the regulation of water intake and output, including typical daily values

Water Intake?

- drink about 1700 ml/day.

- water from food is about 700 ml/day

- metabolic water from dehydration synthesis is about 200 ml/day.

Water Output?

- urine is about 1600 ml/day.

- sweat is about 100 ml/day.

- insensible perspiration, thin layer of water on the skin, about 700 ml/day.

- defecation about 200 ml/day.

Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids.

Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids.

Intracellular Fluid Components?

- high K+ concentration

- high magnesium concentration.

- high concentrations of phosphate and proteins.

Extracellular Fluid Components?

- high sodium concentration.

- high calcium and chloride concentration.

Compare and contrast isoosmotic vs hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic changes in fluid volume

Compare and contrast isoosmotic vs hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic changes in fluid volume

Isosmotic Changes?

- fluid loss or gain occurs without a change in osmolarity.

- volume only changes in (ECF)

Hyper osmotic Changes?

- (ECF) becomes higher concentrated than (ICF).

- water moves out of the cells into (ICF).

Hypo Osmotic Changes?

- the (ECF) becomes less concentrated than the (ICF).

- water moves into the cells from the (ECF), causing them to swell.

State the mechanisms and relevant chemical formulas for the bicarbonate, protein and phosphate buffer systems

State the mechanisms and relevant chemical formulas for the bicarbonate, protein and phosphate buffer systems

Bicarbonate Buffer System?

- maintains blood pH in the extracellular fluid.

- balances acids and bases by shifting carbonic acid and bicarbonate.

Protein Buffer System?

- works within cells and blood plasma.

- proteins like albumin use amino acids groups to buffer changes in pH.

Phosphate Buffer System?

- activate in intracellular fluids and kidneys.

- uses dihydrogen and hydrogen phosphate to stabilize pH.

Describe the role of the respiratory system in acid/base balance

- it regulates the levels of CO2 in the blood.

- drop in blood pH = exhales more CO2.

- rise in blood pH = CO2 accumulates.

Describe the role of the urinary system in acid/base balance

- it regulates the levels of hydrogen Ions and bicarbonate in the blood.

- low blood pH = excretion of hydrogen through urine.

- to restore blood pH levels = kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate from the urine back into the blood.

Compare and contrast the functions of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance

Respiratory System:

- regulates levels of CO2 in blood.

- low blood pH you'll exhale more CO2.

- rise in blood pH more build up of CO2.

Urinary System:

- regulates levels of hydrogen and bicarbonate in blood.

- low blood pH you'll excrete hydrogen through urine.

- to restore blood pH your kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate from urine back to blood.

Predict how changes in respiration will affect plasma pH and vice versa

- hyperventilation removes more CO2, increasing plasma pH.

- hypoventilation retains CO2, lowering plasma pH.