PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

“Philippine Architecture during the American Period”

At the closing of 19th century, the United States became a _________. Victorious in the Spanish American

War, the US annexed the Philippines among its colonial possession.

colonial power

The early years of American

occupation was beleaguered by a

succession of epidemic diseases

attributed to unhygienic domestic

practices of the natives

CUBETA

Ordinances were issued to regulate

and modify vernacular dwellings. The

use of the toilet was introduced in

____ among dwellers of the bahay

kubo in Manila through the pail

conservancy system or cubeta.

1902

The authorities banned the use of

_____ for bathing and washing and

established a new type of communal

architecture that combined the

functions of toilet, bath, and laundry

supplied continuously with clean

water.

esteros

The first public bath and laundry, a

one-storey structure made of

concrete, was built in ____.

1913.

To rebate overcrowding, filth, bad

ventilation and the threat of fire in

light-material districts, the American

introduced in 1908 the neighborhood

concept known as ________

which permitted Nipa housed to be

built on highly regulated blocks of

subdivided lots.

Sanitary Barrios

The colonial ______ & _______ successfully evolved a new

kind of domestic architecture.

architects and sanitary engineers

The __________ the house

crossbred the tropical features of

vernacular buildings with hygienic

structural principles and modern

materials.

TSALET / CHALET

chief of the ____________

Bureau of Architecture, designed set-piece architecture

that mimicked the styles of Spanish colonial buildings –

the Spanish Mission Revival.

Architect Edgar K. Bourne

DANIEL BURNHAM

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED

• One of the priorities of the colonial administration was the development of a master plan for Manila and the hill station in Baguio.

• Their aim was to install a sense of the cosmopolitan arrangement to Manila’s chaotic patchwork of communities and create an upland health resort in Baguio.

URBAN PLANNING

_____ work for the 1893 World’s

Columbian Exposition earned him a

reputation as the father of City

Beautiful Movement.

DANIEL BURNHAM

✓Burnham and Anderson found that

Manila had mostly level land with a

surface a few feet above mean high tide,

and the Pasig River running through it. The

population of Manila as of 1903 was

____ and the planners thought the

developments in industry and agriculture

could lead to fast population growth.

223,029

WILLIAM PARSONS

He was tasked to supervise the realization of

the development plans of Daniel Burnham

for the cities of Manila and Baguio

WILLIAM PARSONS

Expresses the academic neoclassical

architectural style taught at the École des

___________ in Paris

BEAUX ART

Aside from Parsons, there were other

American architects like George _____

and Ralph _____ at BPW who contributed

to the propagation of neoclassicism both in

government and private practice

FENHAGEN & DOANE

Best remembered for designing the unbuilt

Capitol Building in Manila, a structure

meant as the centerpiece for Burnham’s

Capitol Center at Luneta. He also designed

one of the first multi-storey concrete

buildings in the Philippines, the Masonic

Temple in the Renaissance style.

GEORGE FANHAGEN

✓He drafted the plans for the Pangasinan

Provincial Capitol, the Malacanang

Executive Building and the preliminary

plans for the Legislative Building.

✓Last Consulting Architect to serve in the

Philippines

RALPH DOANE

✓The influx of American capital

and assimilation of new culture

allowed _________ to

flourish.

New building types

BURKE BUILDING

MALACANANG EXECUTIVE BLDG.

EL HOGAR BUILDING

HSBC BUILDING

PACIFIC COMMERCIAL COMPANY BLDG

FILIPINAS INSURANCE CO. BUILDING

LUNETA HOTEL

MARIANO UY CHACO BLDG.

The majority of ______ architects received their

academic training from the American East Coast, the bastion of Beaux Arts pedagogy.

pensionado

This batch of architects, together with maestro de

obras like Arcadio Arellano and Tomas Arguelles,

earned a place in the annals of Philippine architecture

as the “_________” architects.

FIRST GENERATION OF PENSIONADO

ARCADIO ARELLANO

the first Filipino to be employed

by the Americans as one of their architectural advisors.

His works contained renaissance features (Gota de

Leche Building and El 82 Bazaar); touches of neogothic

style (Hidalgo House); classical elements (mausoleum

of the Veterans of the Revolution); and art nouveau

decorative motifs (Ariston Baustista Lin House)

ARCADIO ARELLANO

ANTONIO TOLEDO

a master of the neo-classical style,

who designed the grand edifices like the twin

Corinthian buildings in Agri-Fina Circle, Leyte Capitol,

Cebu Capitol, Manila City Hall, and Manila Custom’s

House.

ANTONIO TOLEDO

TOMAS MAPUA

was the first registered architect in the

Philippines who established in 1925 the Mapua Institute

of Technology, the architectural school. first The Nurses

Home, De La Salle College and Centro Escolar

University Building were examples of this revivalist bent.

TOMAS MAPUA

JUAN ARELLANO

The most prolific in the group. ______ mastery of

neoclassicism assumed international stature, receiving world acclaim in a competition held in New York, where he submitted his design for the Bank of the Philippines Islands

JUAN ARELLANO

His monumental works, such as the Legislative Building, the Jones Bridge, and the Post Office, made unerringly palpable the American colonial presence.

JUAN ARELLANO

Though he excelled greatly in the classical style,

Arellano shifted to _____ as most prominently

revealed in the Metropolitan Theater

art deco

BANK OF PHILIPPINE ISLAND - JUAN ARELLANO

LEGISLATIVE BUILDING - JUAN ARELLANO

POST OFFICE BUILDING - JUAN ARELLANO

By the late 1920s and 1930s, the dominance of

_____ was challenged by the “second

generation” of Filipino architects who returned from

overseas studies and European trips.

neoclassicism

ART DECO - The leading protagonists in this generation were

Andres Luna de San Pedro,

Fernando Ocampo,

Pablo Antonio

and Juan F. Nakpil.

They introduced innovative ideas and novel ways of

utilizing non-classical ornaments, with steered

Philippine architecture to a new direction

ART DECO

The stepped or zigzag silhouette of _____ was best

captured by the Insular Life Building, Bauan Municipal

Building, and the pylons of the Quezon Bridge.

art deco

✓ Modern and traditional building materials

✓ Ornate, geometric detailing

✓ Consistent detailing

✓ Bold use of contrasting colors

✓ Fragmented shapes

✓ Decorative, geometric windows

✓ Parapets and spires

ART DECO

SENATE HOUSE, LONDON

CHRYSLER BUILDING, NY

LA CITY HALL, LA

ELPO BUILDING

METROPOLITAN THEATER

CEBU CAPITOL

JAI ALAI BUILDING

RIZAL MEMORIAL STADIUM

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

________ initially worked in the

revivalist styles like the French Renaissance-

inspired Legarda Elementary School and neo-

Castilian residences, like the Perkins and Zobel

House, then switched to art deco.

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO

PIA Gold Medal of Merit Award in 1950

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO

His Perez-Samanillo Building used vertical pipe

moldings, canted arches, an octagonal tableau,

precast low-relief medallions and floral urns.

Luna’s most celebrated work, __________,

featured continuous bands of concrete and glass

planes sweeping boldly inward at the central

mall. It was the first structure to introduce a mall-

type commercial space.

the Crystal Arcade

CRYSTAL ARCADE

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO

FERNANDO OCAMPO

Some of his renowned works include the reconstruction of the Manila

Cathedral and the San Fernando Metropolitan Cathedral; UST Central

Seminary; Regina Building; Calvo Building; Arguelles building; Paterno

building

FERNANDO OCAMPO

He was also a member of the Board of Examiners for Architects in

Manila (1929-30) and member of the faculty of the School of

Architecture at UST.

FERNANDO OCAMPO

CENTRAL SEMINARY OF UST - FERNANDO OCAMPO

MANILA CATHEDRAL - FERNANDO OCAMPO

REGINA BUILDING - FERNANDO OCAMPO

CALVO BUILDING - FERNANDO OCAMPO

PABLO ANTONIO

________ received numerous awards. In 1952, he was

named Architect of the Year by the Philippine Institute of

Architects (PIA). He was also the recipient of the first National

Award of Merit for Architecture, an eight-year award from 1946

to 1954 granted by the Philippine Government.

PABLO ANTONIO

MANILA POLO CLUB - PABLO ANTONIO

IDEAL THEATER - PABLO ANTONIO

GALAXY THEATER - PABLO ANTONIO

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY - PABLO ANTONIO

JUAN NAKPIL

______ both an engineer and architect, designed and built the

most number of large structures among the group. Nakpil’s

exemplay works during the pre-war period include the UP

Administration Building, the World Eucharistic Monument of

1937, Quezon Administration Institute Building Pavillions and

and the Manila Jockey Club.

JUAN NAKPIL

UP ADMIN BUILDING

MANILA JOCKEY CLUB

KAPITAN PEPE BUILDING

The ________ or sun breaker, glass walls, pierced

screens and thin concrete shells were staple architectural

elements of the 1950s and 1960s.

brise-soleil

_________ simplified geometries were in accordance with demands of honesty expressed in materials, structure and form; maneuvered in restraint rather than indulgence valuing simplicity over complexity.

Modern architecture’s

CESAR CONCIO

__________ is the first University Architect of the

University of the Philippines. Cesar Concio, a member of

the delegation later worked as University Architect of

the University of the Philippines, borrowed Niemeyer’s

massing and sun breakers for his Palma and Melchor

Halls, and his saddle-shaped Church of the Risen Lord

was imitative of Niemeyer’s St. Francis Church in

Pampulha, Brazil.

Cesar Concio

MELCHOR HALL

CHURCH OF THE RISEN LORD

PALMA HALL