micro 1

bacteria, archea, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and prions are all examples of

major groups of microorganisms

bacterial and archaeal cells

about 10x smaller than eukaryotic cells

lack organelles

all are microorganisms

eukaryotic cells

contain organelles: small double membrane bound structures that perform specific functions (fancy stuff)

some are microorganisms and some are not (animals and plants)

acellular microorganisms

viruses and prions

viruses

composed of a small amount of hereditary material (DNA and RNA) wrapped up in protein coverings that is sometimes enveloped by a protein containing lipid membrane

simpler than a cell

prions

small proteins folded in intricate ways which sometimes behave like microorganisms and are transmitted from one human to another

before humans

microbes have been on the planet for much longer and came

bacteria

single celled, no true nucleus

archea

single celled, no true nucleus, distinct from bacteria

eukaryote

true nucleus, many are single celled but some are multicellular

prokaryote

encompasses bacteria and archaea “pre nucleus” no nucleus

akaryote

no nucleus, another word for prokaryote

use of the word theory in science

years of testing and have not been disapproved

well studied natural phenomena

microbes are found

deep in earth’s crust

in polar ice caps and oceans

inside bodies of plants and animal

in earths landscape

essential to life

oxygen

produced by photosynthesis

70% comes from photosynthetic microorganisms, protozoal, in the ocean

decomposition

breakdown of dead matter/ waste

largely accomplished by bacteria and fungi

ancient humans use of microorganisms

production of foods

treatment of wounds and infections

decontaminating human waste

modern humans use of microorganisms

biotechnology - manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting (insulin vaccines)

recombinant DNA technology - manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and GMOs

bioremediation - introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants

pathogen

any agent such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth that cause diseases

infectious diseases

spreadable disease

bacteria and archaea

showed up first

Spontaneous generation

something happened but nobody knows what it was or why

Antonie - 1677

first really seeing microorganisms using a newly developed microscope

Louis Pasteur - 1857

debunked spontaneous generation and showed that instead that fermentation or contamination was due to the presence of microorganisms.

Proved germ theory of disease and launched field of modern microbiology

Robert Koch - 1890

Koch postulates for determining pathogenic cause for disease

• pathogen found in diseased individuals

• pathogen can be isolated from diseased individuals

• isolated pathogen can induce disease in previously heathy individuals

• same pathogen can be reisolated from the experimentally infected individuals

Kary Mullis - 1980

invented PCR- a way to make a lot of identical copies of DNA

Importance of (small) DNA

previously thought that DNA’s purpose was to make RNA, that turned to protein. Actually less than 2% of human DNA codes for protein- much for small RNA molecules that organize

Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier

invented CRISPR

the CRISPR system is found in bacteria and archaea

used for gene editing and purposeful mutation

macromolecules

assembled from smaller molecular subunits or building blocks

often very large compounds

Saccharide

sugar- contribute to structural support and protection, serve as nutrient and energy stores

hexose- 6 c

pentose- 5 c

polysaccharide

long chains of sugars

lipid

long or complex hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic

triglycerides

storage lipids

single molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

phospholipids

two fatty acids attached to a glycerol (hydrophilic end)

allows molecule to form bilayers and membranes

steroids

ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones

waxes

long chain alcohol linked to a fatty acid

soft and pliable when warmed

water protective

proteins

one or more polypeptides with a specific role/function

determine structure, behavior, and unique qualities of organisms

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

20+ different forms

peptide

small number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

polypeptide

larger number (>20) amino acids

protein structure is determined by

the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain (determined by the gene for that protein)

Primary structure

the type, number, and order or amino acids

secondary structure

some amino acid functional groups can for regular shapes (alpha helix and beta sheets)

tertiary structure

overall shape of poly peptide chain caused by interaction between amino acids

quaternary structure

shape of multiunit proteins formed by more than one polypeptide

enzymes

catalysts for chemical reactions in cells

specificity comes from the unique patters in enzyme binding sites

antibodies

complex glycoproteins made by vertebrates with specific attachment regions for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

receptors and signaling proteins

sometimes found in membranes, bond other molecules and pass along messages

structural proteins

give shape, provide rigidity, may be involved in movement

DNA

information storage molecule (more stable, less O)

AGCT

RNA

working information molecule

AGCU

nucleotide

nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

energy currency

releases a lot of energy when the bond is broken between the second and third phosphates

bacteria, archaea, and protozoa

single cell

common characteristics of cells

3D shape

Cell membrane

DNA organized into chromosomes

multiple ribosome (protein makers)

taxonomy

classifying living things

nomenclature

assignment of scientific names to taxonomic categories of individual organisms

identification

discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized or named and placed in a taxonomic scheme

binomial system of nomenclature

Genus name first letter capitalized and species name full lowercase

both should be italicized when printed

underlined when handwritten

genus name abbreviated when already stated

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

the three domains

five I’s

inoculation

incubation

isolation

inspection

identification

inoculation

introduction of microbes into or upon a media for culture

incubator function

to control temperature and atmospheric gasses

microbial growth in liquid medium (broth)

cloudiness, sediment, scum, color

microbial growth in solid medium (agar)

colonies: visible masses of piled up cells

liquid media

water based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and flow freely in a tilted container (broths, in tube)

semisolid media

contains enough gelatin or agar to thicken but not produce a firm surface

used to determine motility of bacteria or localize a reaction to a specific site (shampoo consistency, tube)

solid media

provides a firm surface upon which cells can form discrete colonies

used to isolate bacteria and fungi

typically includes agar

Agar

complex polysaccharide isolated from the red alga gelidium

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