EXAM 1 nurs 3110 The Immune System: Drugs for Inflammation and Fever

what is inflammation

normal response on the part of our immune system

what response is inflammation considered

an innate immune response

what does inflammation allow

healing and repair to begin rapidly

inflammation may be…

acute or chronic

in an evolutionary perspective how is inflammation beneficial

pain and swelling keep us from using an injured extremity

in some cases the inflammatory response can…

go overboard and we need relief

what are the cases of the inflammatory response going overboard

allergies, inflammatory disorders, and infection

inflammatory mediators

chemicals which signal surrounding tissue that an injury or infection has occured

important inflammatory mediators

bradykinin, complement, c-reactive protein, cytokines, histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

many of the inflammatory mediators are released by….

mast cells

inflammatory mediators are responsible for…

pain, swelling, redness, and excess mucous production

when does anaphylaxis occur

when the inflammatory mediators are released quickly on a large scale throughout the body

what are the 3 broad categories of NSAIDs

aspirin, selective cox 2 inhibitor, and ibuprofen

example of aspirin

cox 1 and cox 2 enzyme inhibitor

example of selective cox 2 inhibitor

celecoxib (celebrex)

example of ibuprofen

cox 1 and cox 2 enzyme inhibitor, diclofenac, indomethacin, ketorolac, meloxicam, and naproxen

what do all nsaids inhibit

the synthesis of prostaglandins through inhibition of the COX enzyme

cox 1 produces…

cytoprotective prostglandins

cox 2 produces

inflammatory prostaglandins

aspirin inhibits…

COX enzymes and thromboxane

in small doses aspirin is..

very cardioprotective

common side effects of aspirin

gi upset, tinnitus, and increased bleeding times

serious adverse events of aspirin

severe gi bleeding, anaphylaxis, reyes syndrome in children, and metabolic acidosis

what was developed as an alternative to aspirin

ibuprofen

ibuprofen binds,,,

cox enzymes in a reversible fashion

common side effects of ibuprofen

gi upset, dizziness, headaches, tinnitus, increased liver enzymes, edema, and increased bleeding times

serious adverse events of ibuprofen

gi bleeding/ulcer, anaphylaxis, nephrotoxicity, thromboembolic events, hepatotoxicity

celebrex (celecoxib) does not affect…

the gi system

common side effects of selective cox-2 inhibitor

back pain, peripheral edema, minor gi upset, headaches, elevated bp

serious adverse events of selective cox-2 inhibitor

doubles the risk of cardiovascular events and acute kidney injury

corticosteroids are also referred to as…

glucocorticoids

the adrenal glands naturally secrete a hormone called…

cortisol

the hormone cortisol is a

corticosteroid

corticosteroids inhibits…

prostaglandin production and histamine release

examples of corticosteroids

betamethasone, cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, and triamcinolone

serious adverse events of corticosteroids

peptic ulcer, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and loss of muscle mass

signs/symptoms of infection are masked by…

corticosteroids along with immunosuppression

long term use of corticosteroids must be…

discontinued gradually

common side effects as well as serious adverse events of corticosteroids are a…

function of dose and length of therapy

fever is a….

natural defense mechanism

fever is effective in..

neutralizing foreign organisms

fever can be caused by various med such as…

anti-infectives, ssris, and antipsychotic medications

anti-inflammatory medications reduce fever except…

corticosteroids and celecoxib

acetaminophen (tylenol) is a…

centrally acting cox inhibitor effective for reducing fever

acetaminophen (tylenol) has no….

anti-inflammatory properties

common side effects of acetaminophen (tylenol)

generally does not occur but sometimes dry mouth, constipation, fatigue, dizziness, and headaches

serious adverse events of acetaminophen (tylenol)

hepatotoxicity and anaphylaxis

black box warning of acetaminophen (tylenol)

hepatotoxicity

acetaminophen is the what choice for children

antipyretic/analgesic of choice for children

acetaminophen (tylenol) is safe for..

elderly patients, patients with cvd, patients with renal disease

acetaminophen has no risk of…

bleeding or GI bleeding