Chapter 4: Prefixes and Terminology

Chapter 4

a-, an-

no, not, without

ab-

away from

ad-

toward

ana-

up, apart

ante-

before, forward

anti-

against

auto-

self, own

bi-

two

Brady-

slow

cata-

down

con-

with, together

antibiotic

destroys inhibits the growth of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses

antigen

a substance, usually foreign to the body and is invading a host, that stimulates the production of antibodies

antibodies

protein substances made by white blood cells (leukocytes) of the host, usually in response to the invading foreign antigens

autoimmune disease

the body mades antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury

lupus erythematosus

systemically affects the kidneys, the lungs, the central nervous system, the blood vessels, the platelets, and the heart

graves disease

antibodies produced by autoimmune disease stimulate the production of thyroid hormones

autoimmune disease- Hashimoto disease

a condition in which body’s immune system attacks and destroys own thyroid, which leads to an underachieve thyroid gland (hypothyroidism)

Hashimoto’s disease

condition in which body’s immune system attacks and destroys own thyroid, can lead to underachieve thyroid gland

juvenile diabetes

the body’s own immune system produces autoimmune antibody and mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

rh condition

an antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor (that is Rh antigen) between the pregnant mother (Rh negative, who is lacking Rh antigen) and that of the fetus (Rh positive, who is presenting Rh antigen)

contra-

against, opposite

de-

down, lack of

dia-

through, complete

dys-

bad, painful, difficult, abnormal

ec-, ecto-

out, outside

end-

in, within

contralateral

opposite side of the body

dialysis

removing harmful waste products from the body with an artificial kidney machine

ectopic pregnancy

an abnormal pregnancy when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes, but sometimes on an ovary or in the abdominal cavity

epi-

upon, on, above

eu-

good, normal

ex-

out, outside, away from

hemi-

half

hyper-

excessive, above

hypo-

deficient, under

in-

not

in-

into, within

infra-

beneath, under

inter-

between

intra-

in, within, into

macro-

large

mal-

bad

meta-

beyond, change

micro-

small

neo-

new

pan-

all

para-

abnormal, beside, near

parathyroid glands

four endocrine glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that function separately from the thyroid gland, by regulating Calcium level in blood

per-

through

peri-

surrounding

poly-

many, much

post-

after, behind

pre-

before, in front of

pro-

before, forward

prolapse

to fall or slide forward, often used to describe an organ, such as a prolapsed uterus

pros-

before, forward

re-

back, again

retro-

behind, backward

sub-

under

supra-

above, upper

syn-, sym-

together, with

recombinant DNA

taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism

symbiosis

two organisms living together in close association, typically to the advantage of both

symphysis

a joint in which th ebony surfaces are united by a layer of fibrocartilage

syndrome

a group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition

tachy-

fast

trans-

across, through

ultra-

beyond, excess

uni-

one

transurethral resection of the prostate gland

a portion of the prostate gland is removes with an instrument passed through the urethra

ultrasonography

a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue

congenital anomaly

an irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with

birth

nat/i

tongue

gloss/o

skin

cutane/o

rib

cost/o

nipple

thel/o

fingers or toes

dactyl/o

death

mort/o

protection

immun/o

sleep

somn/o

infection

seps/o

through, complete

dia-

beyond, change

meta-

behind, backward

retro-

beyond, excessive

ultra-

no, not, without

a-, an-

against

anti-

new

neo-

near, beside, abnormal

para-

one

uni-

beneath, under

intra-

together, with

syn-

above, upper

supra-

before, forward

ante-

slow

Brady-

two

bi-

large

macro-

half

hemi-