Torres Exam 2

Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)

origin: bones of skull

insertion: skin

function: control of (raises) eyebrows & scalp

Occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)

origin: bones of skull

insertion: skin

function: controls scalp (retracts)

Orbilcularis oculi

origin: bones of skull

insertion: skin

function: closes eyes

Auricularis anterior

Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.

Auricularis posterior

Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.

Levator labii superioris

elevates upper lip

Zygomaticus minor

elevates upper lip

Zygomaticus major

elevates upper lip

Orbicularis oris

purses lips; kissing muscle

Buccinator

control cheeks

Mentalis

depress lower lip

Depressor labii inferioris

depresses lower lip

Depressor anguli oris

depresses lower lip

Digastric

origin: mastoid process of temporal bone

insertion: mandible

action: depress mandible

Lateral pterygoid

agonist

origin: sphenoid

insertion: mandible

action: protract and depress mandible (grinding and chewing)

Masseter

agonist

origin: zygomatic arch

insertion: mandible

action: elevates mandible

Temporalis

origin: temporal bone

insertion: mandible

action: elevate and retract mandible

Medial pterygoid

origin: sphenoid/maxilla/pterygoid

insertion: mandible

action: elevate and retract mandible

Larynx

function: separate esophagus and trachea vocalization

Geniohyoid

origin: mandible (chin)

insertion: hyoid

action: elevate the hyoid (for speech)

Mylohyoid

origin: mandible (near molars)

insertion: hyoid

action: elevate the hyoid

Stylohyoid

origin: temporal bone (styloid process)

insertion: hyoid

action: elevate the hyoid

Omohyoid

origin: scapula

insertion: hyoid

action: depress the hyoid

Sternohyoid

origin: sternum

insertion: hyoid

action: depress the hyoid

Sternothyroid

origin: sternum

insertion: larynx (thyroid cartilage)

action: depress the hyoid

Sternocleidomastoid

origin: sternum and clavicle

insertion: temporal (mastoid process)

action: movement of the head (pulls down)

Anterior scalene

origin: ribs 1-2

insertion: cervicals 3-6

action: movement of the head

Medial scalene

origin: rib 1

insertion: cervicals 2-7

action: movement of the head

Posterior scalene

origin: rib 2 (deep)

insertion: cervicals 5-7

action: movement of the head

Semispinalis capitis

origin: cervicals and thoracics (spinous processes)

insertion: occipital

action: move head (forward & backward)

Splenius capitis

origin: cervical 7 and thoracics (spinous processes)

insertion: temporal (mastoid process) and occipital

action: move head, extend

Trapezius (superior)

origin: occipital & cervicals

insertion: clavicle

action: supports arm

Trapezius (middle)

origin: cervical 7 and thoracics

insertion: scapula

action: retract scapula

Trapezius (inferior)

origin: thoracics

insertion: thoracics

action: rotate and depress scapula

Lattisimus dorsi

origin: aponeurosis attached to lower thoracic, ilium, ribs

insertion: humerus

function: depression and rotation of the shoulder

Lavator scapulae

origin: cervical vertebrae

insertion: scapula

action: elevates scapula

Intertransversarii

origin: transverse processes

insertion: transverse processes

function: stabilizes adjoining vertebrae

Rotatores

origin: transverse processes

insertion: spinous processes

function: stabilize adjoining vertebrae, proprioception

Interspinales

origin: spinous processes

insertion: spinous processes

function: stabilize adjoining vertebrae

Erector spinae

origin: vertebrae and ribs (erector spinae aponeurosis)

insertion: vertebrae and ribs (erector spinae aponeurosis)

function: maintain posture

Pectoralis major

origin: anterior midline (clavicle, sternum)

insertion: humerus

function: flexion, adduction and rotation of humerus, stabilization of shoulder joint

Pectoralis minor

origin: anterior of ribs

insertion: scapula (coracoid process)

function: rotate shoulder anteriorly

Serratus anterior

origin: ribs

insertion: scapula

function: rotate shoulder joint anteriorly and medially

Diaphragm

attachments: sternum (xiphoid process), lumbars, ribs, costal cartilages

function: contraction pulls diaphragm tight, changes pressure of thoracic and abdominal cavities

External intercostals

origin: adjoining ribs

insertion: adjoining ribs

function: elevate ribs during inspiration

Internal intercostals

origin: adjoining ribs

insertion: adjoining ribs

function: depress ribs for forced exhalation

Innermost intercostals

origin: internal surfaces of adjoining ribs

insertion: internal surfaces of adjoining ribs

function: depress ribs for forced exhalation

Quadratus lumborum

origin: ilium, ribs

insertion: rib 12, lumbars

function: bending laterally

Internal & external obliques

origin: lower ribs, ilium

insertion: lower ribs, linea alba, ilium

function: twisting and bending at waist

Transverse abdominis

origin: ilium, lower ribs

insertion: sternum, linea alba, pubis

function: squeezing abdomen, increasing pressure in abdominal & thoracic cavity

Rectus abdominis

origin: pubis

insertion: sternum, ribs

function: bending forward/sitting up

Deltoid

origin: trapezius, clavicle, scapula (acromion & spine)

insertion: humerus

action: abduction, flexion, extension and rotation of humerus

Supraspinatus

origin: scapula (supraspinous fossa)

insertion: humerus

action: abduction of the humerus

Coracobrachialis

origin: scapula (coracoid process)

insertion: humerus

action: flexion and adduction

Subscapularis

origin: scapula (subscapular fossa)

insertion: humerus

action: medial rotation of arm

Rhomboid minor

origin: cervical 7 & thoracic 1

insertion: scapula

action: retract & rotate scapula

Rhomboid major

origin: thoracics

insertion: scapula

action: retract and rotate scapula

Infraspinatus

origin: scapula (infraspinous fossa)

insertion: humerus

action: extension and adduction of the humerus

Teres minor

origin: scapula

insertion: humerus

action: extension and adduction of the humerus

Teres major

origin: scapula

insertion: humerus

action: extension and adduction of the humerus

Biceps brachii

origin: scapula

insertion: ulna

action: flexes (primarily) and supination of elbow

Brachialis

origin: humerus

insertion: ulna

action: flexes the elbow

Brachioradialis

origin: humerus

insertion: radius

action: flexes of elbow

Triceps brachii

origin: scapula and humerus

insertion: ulna (olecranon process)

action: extends of elbow

Anconeus

origin: humerus

insertion: ulna

action: extends and stabilizes the elbow

Supinator

origin: ulna & humerus

insertion: radius

action: move palm and forearm anteriorly

Pronator teres

origin: humerus and ulna

insertion: radius

action: pronates the forearm

Flexor carpi ulnaris

origin: ulna & humerus

insertion: pisiform, hamate, metacarpal 5

action: flexes and adducts the hand

Flexor cari radialis

origin: humerus

insertion: metacarpal 2 &3

action: flexes and abducts hand

Palmaris longus

origin: humerus

insertion: flexor retinaculum

action: flexes the hand

Extensor carpi ulnaris

origin: humerus (primarily) & ulna

insertion: metacarpal 5

action: extend and abducts the hand

Extensor carpi radialis longus

origin: humerus

insertion: metacarpal 2

action: extend and abducts the hand

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

origin: humerus (primarily)

insertion: metacarpals 3 (primarily) and 2

action: extend and abducts the hand

Flexor pollicis longus

origin: radius

insertion: distal phalanx of thumb

action: flexes distal phalax of thumb

Flexor pollicis brevis

origin: trapezium & flexor retinaculum

insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb

action: flexes the thumb

Adductor pollicis

origin: capitate & metacarpals 2-4

insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb

action: moves thumb toward the body (and other fingers) reposition?

Opponens pollicis

origin: trapezium & flexor retinaculum

insertion: first metacarpal

action: move thumb to oppose fingers

Abductor pollicis brevis

origin: carpals & flexor retinaculum

insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb

action: moves thumb away from body (and other fingers)

Abductor pollicis longus

origin: ulna

insertion: first metacarpal

action: move first metacarpal (along with the thumb) away from the body (and other fingers)

Extensor pollicis brevis

origin: ulna & radius

insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb

action: extends thumb

Abductor digiti minimi

origin: pisiform

insertion: proximal phalanx of little finger

action: moves little finger towards body (away from thumb)

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

origin: hamate & flexor retinaculum

insertion: proximal phalanx of little finger

action: flex little finger

Opponens digit minimi

origin: hamate & flexor retinaculum

insertion: proximal phalanx of little finger

action: moves little finger away from body (towards thumb)

Extensor digitorum

agonist

origin: humerus

insertion: middle and distal phalanges of finger 2-5

action: extends fingers (primarily), hand and elbow

Dorsal interossei

origin: sides of metacarpals

insertion: fingers

action: abducts and flexes fingers, extends fingers

Lumbrical muscles

origin: palm - tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

insertion: first phalanges of fingers

action: flex and extend fingers at joint

Flexor digitorum

origin: ulna

insertion: distal phalanges of 2-5

action: flexes fingers 2-5 and hand

Flexor digitorum superficialis

origin: humerus, radius, ulna

insertion: middle phalanges of 2-5

action: flexes fingers 2-5 and hand

Psoas major

agonist

origin: thoracic and lumbars

insertion: femur

action: flex (primarily) and adduct hip

Psoas minor

origin: thoracic and lumbar

insertion: iliopubic eminence & pubis

action: flex (primarily) and adduct hip

Iliacus

origin: ilium & sacrum

insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

action: flex (primarily) and adduct hip

Pectineus

origin: pubis

insertion: femur

action: flex (primarily) and adduct hip

Gluteus maximus

agonist

origin: ilium, sacrum, coccyx

insertion: femur

action: extends hip

Gluteus medius

origin: ilium

insertion: femur

action: abduction of thigh, stabilize stance

Gluteus minimus

origin: ilium

insertion: femur

action: abduction of thigh