AP World History: Chapter 10 & 11

Colombian Exchange

The global diffusion of plants, food, animals, disease, and human populations.

Afonso d’Alboquerque

A Portuguese general and naval commander who played a key role in establishing Portuguese dominance in the Indian Ocean during the Age of Exploration. He also took Melaka.

Joint Stock Company

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, facilitating investment in trade and exploration.

English East India Company

A joint-stock company founded in 1600 to trade in the East Indies, it played a significant role in British colonial expansion and trade.

United East India Company

A joint-stock company founded in 1602 by merchants in the Netherlands, it was pivotal in Dutch trade and colonial ventures in Asia.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

A Spanish explorer who led the expedition that established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines in 1565, paving the way for Spanish colonization in the region.

Jan Pieterszoon Coen

A Dutch merchant and one of the founders of the United East India Company, known for his role in establishing Dutch dominance in the spice trade and colonization in Indonesia. He also established the city of Batavia on Java.

Siberia

A vast region of Russia, known for its harsh climate, sparse population, and significant natural resources, encompassing a large part of northern Asia. It posed a hard challenge for human settlement and economic development due to its extreme weather conditions.

Hundred Years War

A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between England and France, primarily over territorial disputes and claims to the French throne.

tzar

An emperor of Russia, Came front the word ‘Caesar’

Renaissance

A period of artistic and intellectual creativity in Europe from 1300-1500’s

Leonardo Da Vinci

A Renaissance thinker who painted the Mona Lisa

Michelangelo Buonarotti

A sculptor famous for making the Sistine Chapel

Donatello

A sculptor most known for the statue David

Humanists

Scholars who studied literature, history, and moral philosophy(humanities)

Francesco Petrarca

Known as Petrarch in the west. A humanist who travelled around the globe looking for ancient texts.

Protestant Reformation

The movement to reform Catholicism. Started by Martin Luther

Martin Luther

A German monk who was the face of the Reformation

John Calvin

A protestant French lawyer, who created the model Protestant city, Geneva. Followers called Calvinists

Calvinists

Followers of Calvinism

Catholic Reformation

The counter reformation to bring back Protestants to Roman Catholicism

Council of Trent

An assembly of BIshops, Cardinals, and other high ranked church officials to address matters of doctrine and reform

Absolutism

The idea that kings derived their authority from God and served as “God’s lieutenants“ on earth

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief Minister to King Louis XIV, who sought to increase the power of the French Crown. Also a patron of the arts.

King Louis XIV

known as the ‘Sun King’, he built the French palace of Versailles, and a model of absolutism.

Romanovs

The ruling family of Russia

Peter the Great

An Russian Romanov tsar, who sought to reform Russia

Catherine the Great

One of Peter the Great’s successors, who also promoted reform in Russia.

Ptolemaic Universe

The Earth is at the center of the solar system, with everything else rotating around it.

Copernican Universe

The sun is at the center of the universe, and the moon is the only thing that revolves around Earth.

Galileo Galilei & Johannes Kepler

Scientists who proved the Copernican Universe Theory.

Issac Newton

A scientist who created and redefined our understanding of astronomy and mechanics