Introduction to Sociology Examination Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts and definitions relevant to the Introduction to Sociology examination topics.

Sociology

The study of society, social institutions, and social relationships.

Functionalism

A perspective that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

Social Stratification

The division of society into layers or strata based on wealth, power, and prestige.

Meritocracy

A system in which advancement is based on individual ability or achievement.

Ascribed Status

A social status a person is assigned at birth or assumes involuntarily later in life.

Achieved Status

A social status a person attains as a result of their actions.

Culture

The total way of life shared by members of a society.

Socialization

The process of learning and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors appropriate to one's society.

Anomie

A state of normlessness where individuals feel disconnected from the social norms of society.

Labelling Theory

The idea that labels assigned to people can influence their behavior and self-identity.

Matrifocal Family

A family structure where the mother is the head of the household, often found in societies where women assume primary responsibility.

Hidden Curriculum

The unwritten, unofficial lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school.

Social Mobility

The ability of individuals or groups to move within a social hierarchy.

Counter-Culture

A social group within society that actively rejects and opposes the dominant values and norms.

Religious Movement

A collective effort that seeks to create religious change or promote new beliefs.

Social Facts

Values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

George Murdock

Anthropologist known for his study of family structures across cultures.

Max Weber

Sociologist who emphasized the importance of understanding social action and the role of religion in social change.