anatomy and physiology : unit 3: respiratory system

1. ventilation: breathing
2. external repsiration (external gas exchange bt air in lungs and blood
3. transport of gases: done bt cardiovascular system
4. internal respiration: internal gas exchange between the blood and tissues

what are the four processe involved in gas exchange?

upper respiratory tract
and lower respiratory tract

what are the subdivisions of the respiratory system?

nose, nasal cavity, throat/pharynx

what are the things involved with the upper respiratory tract?

lungs, windpipe/trachea, bronchi,larynx

what are the things involved with the lower respiratory tract?

external nose

bone and carilage covered with skin and lined with mucous membrane

nasal bones

what are the bones in the external nose?

bone nad cartilage covered with skin and lined with a mucous membrane
nasal bones
external nares-2 nostrils
nasal hair-vibrissae

what are the aspects of the external nose?

nasal cavity

internal nose
hollow cavity in the skull lined with ciliated mucous membrane

about 1 liter

how much mucous does your ciliated mucous membrane in your nasal cavity make perday?

vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

what is the nasal cavity divided internall by?

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, floor of the nasal cavity is the palate (hard and soft)

what are the bones making up the nasal cavity?

hard and soft palate

what is the floor of the nasal cavity or the palate made of or divisioned into?

palatine bones, palatine process/plate of the maxilla

what is the hard palate made up of?

skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane

what is the soft palate made up of?

uvula

extension of the soft palate that hangs down in the back of the throat

they elevate when you swallow to avoid food or liquid getting into the nasopharynx and nasal cavity

what is the function of the soft palate and the uvula?

1. warms, moistens and cleans inhaled air
2. houses olfactory epithelium
3. has opening from the sinuses and nasal-lacrimal ducts
4. resonating chamber for speech

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

they help clean and moisten the inhaled air

what do nasal conchae do?

ethmoid

where are the superior and middle nasal conchae located on what bone?

maxilla

where is the inferior nasal conchae located?

nasopharynx at the posterior nasal aperture (internal nares)

where doest he nasal cavity open into?

paranasal sinus

hollow cavities in the skull bones

ethmoid
maxilla
frontal
sphenoid

what bones are paranasal sinuses located?

1. lighter
2. producing extra mucous for nasal cavity
3. serves as resonating chamber for speech

why do we want hollow caovties in the boens of our head?

1.nasopharynx
2.oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

posterior to the nasal cavity

where is the nasopharynx located?

opens to the nasal cavity at the posterior nasal aperture

where does the nasopharynx open to?

the tip of the uvula

where does the nasopharynx extend to?

tonsilds and adnoids

what does the nasopharynx have on its posterior wall?

eustachian tube/auditory tube

what does the nasopharynx have an opening to?

eustachian tube/auditory tube

goes from the throat tothe middle ear
equalizes air pressure on either sideo f the tympanic membrane

outer, middle and inner

what are the 3 parts of the ear?

the auricle

what is the outer ear?

auricle

captures sound waves and funnels them into the ear canal-external auditiroy meatus- ends at the tympanic membrane
part of the outer ear

at the tympanic membrane

where does the auricle end?

middle ear

hollowed out chamber in the temporal bone liked with mucous mmebrane
air filled cavity
has 3 bones in it -malleus, incus, stapes

1. soud wave enters the ear canal
2. vibration of the tympanic membrane
3. malleus vibrates
4. vibration to the incus
5. vibration tothe stapes
6. the stapes sits on the oval window
7/ the window virbates
8. fluid in the inner ear vibrated

describe how the sound wave travels through the ear

inner ear

hollowed out chamber in the temporal bone with membrane, fluid filled sacs and tubes

semicicular canal, cochlea, vestibule (utricle and saccule)

what are some things that are within the inner ear?

semicircular canals

part of the inner ear
have receptors for equilibrium and balance in it

cochlea

part of the inner ear
snail shaped
receptors for hearing

vestibule

part of the inner ear
divides into the utricle and saccule
area between the semicircular canals and the cochlea
important in balance

oprpharynx

posterior to the mouth and opens to the mouth at the fauces
extends: to the tip of the uvula to the tip of the epiglottis
has 2 pairs of tonsils

palatine and lingual

what are the two pairs of tonsils that the oropharynx has?

sides of the throat
these are the ones that you see when you are sick in the back of the throat

where are palatine tonsils located within the orpharynx?

base of the tongue

where are lingual tonsils located within the oropharynx?

laryngopharynx

the lower part of the pharynx
extends: form the tip of the uvula tothe opening of the esophogus

larynx

voice box
helps maintain an open airway
directs food to the esophogus and not trachea

cartilage: 9 total:3 pairs and 3 unpaired
voice production

what are some things that the larynx has?

1.thyroid
2.cricoid
3.epiglottis

what are the three unpaired larynx cartilage?

thyroid cartilage

unpaired cartilage of the larynx
largest cartilage making up most of the larynx
has the thyroid angle

cricoid cartilage

unpaired cartilage of the larynx
inferior to the thyroid cart.
forms the base of the larynx
often broken during manual strangulation

epiglottis cartilage

unpaired cartilage of the larynx
spoon shaped
attaches to the inner aspect of the throid angle and points outward towards the back of the throat

whole larynx elevates adn the epiglottis tips over covering the opening of the larynx-keeping food out and directing it to the esophogus

what occurs to the epiglottis when you swallow?

1.arythnoid
2. corniculate
3.cuneiform

what are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?

arythnoid cartilage

paired cartilages of the larynx
pyramid shaped
sits on top of the cricoid cartilage in the back of it

corniculate cartilage

paired cartilages of the larynx
hook shaped
sits on top of the arythnoid cart.

cuneiform cartilage

paired cartilages of the larynx
club shaped
proivdes support for the fibro-elastic c.t. and embedded within in

by 2 pairs of elastic ligaments stretched b/t arythnoid cart and inner aspect of the thryoid angle covered with mucous membrane folds

how is the voice produced?

vestibular folds/false voical cords
close when swallowing to keep food form going into the trachea
not involved with voice production
pinker/thicker
glottis

describe the superior pair of elastic ligaments involved in voice production

glottis

space between the false vocal cords

elastic ligaments with folds of mucous membrane
true vocal cords
whiter, thin, delicate, few blood vessels
vibrate when the air from the lungs s forced against them
involved in voice production

describe the inferior pair of elastic ligaments involved in voice production

pitch of voice

determined by the tension placed on the vocial cords
7 pairs of skeletal muscle in the larynx move the arthnoid and thryoid cart. to change the tension on the vocial cord folds-change in tension =change in pitch

higher pitch of voice

what happens to the pitch of the voice when tension is increased?

intensity / loudness of sound

determined by the force of air directed towards the vocal cords

higher intensity/loudness of voice

what happens when there is increased amounts of air directed towards the vocal cords?

trachea

windpipe
tube that extends from the laynx to about the sternal angle- splitting into the r and l primary bronchi

right primary bronchi

more verticle so inhaled objects more likely to go into there

4-5 inches long and 1 in in diameter

how long is the trachea and what is its diameter?

16-20 c shaped cartilage rings-no cart in the posterior portion: smooth muscle: trachialis muscles

what is the trachea made up of?

fibroelastic c.t.

what are the c shaed cartilage rings seperated by in the trachea?

makes air go more quickly and forcefully thru it by decreasing the diameter of the trachea

what occurs when the trachialis muscles contract?

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithileium with lots of goblet cells producing mucous to trap microbes and cilia to move the mucous out

what tissue is the trachea lined with?

apex: top above clavicles
base:level with the diaphragm

where is the apex and base of the lungs located?

pleura

surrounding of serous membrane around the lungs
parietal and visceral pleura with plueral cavity and fluid inbetween

parietal pleura

lines the wall of the thoracic caivty around the lungs

visceral pleura

lines the outer surface of the lungs

pleura cavity

space between the parietal and visceral pleura with pleural fluid in between the decrease friction of the 2 membranes and allowing the lungs to slip and slide within the thoracic cavity.

pontine respiratory center

in the pons
ease/ smooth the transition between inhale and exhale

chemicals in the blood and CSF
o2, co2, and ph

what si the primary factor modifying respiratory rate and depth?

peripheral chemoreceptors

montior the o2, co2, and ph in the arterial blood

in the aorta and carotid arteries

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

cardiovascualar center in the medulla

where does the peripheral chemoreceptors send info to?

heart rate, vessel diameter to keep o2, co2, and ph in arterial blood within normal limits

what does the peripheral chemoreceptors alter?

central chemoreceptors

in the medulla to monitor ph of the cerebrospinal fluid
indirectly monitors co2: co2 will increase acid

co2

what is the primary factor affecting ventilation?

it will double your ventilation, twice the amount of air moving in/ out of the lungs each minute
increasing ventilation-exhale more co2 than produce- co2 levels lower

what happens to ventilation when the co2 increases in arterial blood by 5mm?

indirectly monitor co2 bc increased co2 lowers ph, more acidic

what happens to central chemoreceptors when the co2 increases in arterial blood by 5mm?

more co2 diffuses into the csf-producing more carbonic acid in the csf-stimulates the central chemoreceptors- increasing ventilation- blood co2 levels decrease

what happens when there is an increase of co2 in the blood?

more co2 diffuses out of the csf and inthe blood - decreasing co2 in the csf- increasing ph decreasing acid- decrease stimulation to breathe

what happens when blood co2 levels drop?

peripherochemo receptors

what are oxygen levels detected by?

has little to no effect on ventilation o2 levels have to drop to almost half of normal

does changing oxygen elvels have an affect on ventilation?

peripheral chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries

what are ph levels detected by and where?

increases ventilation to decrase acid and co2 levels

how does an decrease in ph affect ventilation?

crebrocortex

allows you to voluntary alter breathing within certain limits

stretch receptors in the lungs

detect how stretched your lungs are

stretch receptors send info to the medullary respiratory center stopping inhalation
very rarely used

what happens to the stretch receptors when you are inhailing too much?

respiritory irritants

can increase ventilation;coughing sneezing

prorioceptor stimulation

when you exercise increased input from these due to movement of the muscles sends info to increase ventilation before your co2 levels change

pleuritis

inflammation of the pleura due to infection or injury
may cause layers fo the pleura to rub against one another