Chapter 19 Global crisis and visions of modern

Finial unit

What was the primary characteristic of World War I in terms of its geographic scope?

Battles were largely fought on European soil, but it was a global war involving soldiers from across the world.

How did World War I influence colonies worldwide?

It allowed ideas of freedom, self-determination, and sovereignty to influence colonies.

What was required on a massive scale due to World War I?

Production and consumption.

What new media spread war propaganda during World War I?

Radio and film.

What major impact did World War I have on European hierarchies?

War, hunger, and violence deeply shook European hierarchies.

What did World War I destroy regarding European claims?

It destroyed claims of European superiority, encouraging colonial peoples to break from imperial rule.

What was the main focus of the military rivalry between Britain and Germany before World War I?

Naval strength, seen as key to holding colonial power.

What significant naval ship did Britain launch in 1906?

HMS Dreadnought.

What was the military alliance formed as a result of the rivalry between Great Britain and Germany?

The Triple Entente and Central Powers.

What factors contributed to the global tensions leading up to World War I?

Brinkmanship, war scares, competition for markets, internal political dissent, and the growing power of Socialist labor movements.

What did military leaders assume about the duration of World War I?

They assumed it would be short—months or weeks.

What was Germany's Schlieffen Plan designed to do?

Knock France out of the war quickly before dealing with Russia.

What event triggered the start of World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914.

What was the 'Fatal Mechanism of Alliances' in the context of World War I?

The interlocking alliances that led to much of Europe going to war after the assassination in Sarajevo.

What characterized the Western Front during World War I?

Trench warfare, senseless death, and lack of movement.

What was the significance of the Battle of the Somme?

It resulted in 60,000 British casualties on the first day and over 420,000 British losses in total.

What was the impact of industrialization on warfare during World War I?

It changed the nature of warfare with new technologies like machine guns, poison gas, and aerial attacks.

What were the consequences of the Great War on Russia?

Repeated defeats, internal unrest, food shortages, and transport breakdown.

What was the outcome of the Allied seizure of the Dardanelles Straits?

It failed at Gallipoli, resulting in 142,000 men lost for zero gain.

How did the Great War affect global colonial powers?

It drew colonies into the struggle and changed the dynamics of imperial control.

What psychological condition emerged among soldiers as a result of the war?

'Shell shock,' a term for psychological damage from the war.

What was the death toll of World War I?

It resulted in millions of casualties and long-lasting effects on soldiers and societies.

What was the significance of the 'Great Power' concerns in 1914?

Each major power had specific goals, such as naval supremacy for Britain and revenge for France.

What did the term 'Widening the Great War' refer to?

The expansion of the conflict to include colonies and global powers.

What was the impact of trench life on soldiers during World War I?

It was terrifying, tedious, and often resulted in disease and psychological trauma.

What did the phrase 'the worst war the world had ever known' refer to?

The extensive and brutal nature of World War I, which lasted 4.5 years.

How many men were enlisted to fight in World War I?

70 million men

What were the casualty figures by 1918?

8 million casualties and 20 million wounded

How did World War I affect traditional gender roles?

Women served in auxiliary units and took on male occupations.

What led women to rebel against the state during the war?

Food shortages that left them unable to feed their children.

What was the impact of labor unions during World War I?

Labor unions were treated with new deference, and their issues were taken up by political parties.

What was the effect of war industries on agriculture during World War I?

War industries expanded while agricultural production dropped.

What was the Ottoman Empire's role in World War I?

Joined the Central Powers, spreading the war into Egypt, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and the Caucasus.

What happened to the Armenians during World War I?

The Ottomans massacred or deported 1.5 million Armenians, an act considered genocide.

What was the outcome of the Russian February Revolution in 1917?

Overthrew the Tsarist regime due to bad governance and food shortages.

Who were the leaders of the radical movements during World War I?

David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Paul von Hindenburg and Eric Ludendorff (Germany).

What was the Bolshevik's political platform in October 1917?

Peace, Bread, Land.

What treaty did Soviet Russia sign with Germany in 1918?

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

What was the result of the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921?

The Red Army won control over the interior, while the civilian population suffered from famine.

What was the impact of the United States entering World War I?

It tipped the balance in favor of the Allies.

What led to the collapse of the Central Powers in 1918?

Hunger, influenza, and defeat faced by German soldiers.

What was the significance of the armistice signed on November 11, 1918?

It marked the end of fighting in World War I.

What was the global impact of the influenza pandemic from 1918 to 1920?

Killed 40 to 100 million people worldwide, affecting armies and civilian populations.

What did President Woodrow Wilson hope for after World War I?

A harmonious settlement based on his 14 Points.

What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany?

Assigned war guilt, forced reparation payments, and gave colonies to the Allies.

What was the League of Nations, and who was excluded from it?

An organization aimed at promoting peace; Germany and Russia were excluded.

What was the outcome of the Greco-Turkish War from 1919 to 1922?

Forced displacement of hundreds of thousands due to ethnic cleansing.

What were the long-term effects of World War I on global stability?

Radical ideas and unresolved issues led to ongoing conflicts and instability.

What major changes occurred in the world between 1914 and 1918?

Nations and empires collapsed, old beliefs were swept away, and faith in progress was shattered.

What questions arise regarding the causes of the Great War?

Were the forces that brought on the Great War avoidable or inevitable?

How did World War I disrupt global empires and societies?

It led to significant political and social upheaval, altering power dynamics.

Why was Russia an unlikely candidate for a Marxist revolution?

Marx predicted that revolutions would occur first in more industrialized nations.

What challenges did the post-war world face in establishing peace?

The difficulty of addressing unresolved grievances and the rise of new conflicts.

What does modernity involve according to the 1920s?

Economic modernity, cultural modernism, and political modernity.

What characterized economic modernity in the 1920s?

Mass production and mass consumption.

How did cultural modernism influence society in the 1920s?

It involved smashing accepted norms and traditions, influenced by radio and film.

What was the role of mass involvement in politics during the 1920s?

The public demanded governments address concerns about jobs, housing, and public welfare.

What new forms of mass culture emerged after World War I?

Mass culture and entertainment through propaganda campaigns, music, film, newspapers, and radio.

How did postwar mass culture differ from elite culture?

It reflected working- and middle-class tastes, unlike elite culture which included opera and classical music.

What was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance?

It was a cultural awakening that used art to protest racial injustice, fueled by African American migration to northern U.S. cities.

Who was Josephine Baker and what was her impact?

An international mega star who moved to France due to racial prejudice and became globally popular.

What was the golden age of radio in the 1920s?

A period when radio programs and broadcasts targeted women, children, and families, leading to widespread ownership.

What role did film play in the political landscape of the 1920s?

Film served political purposes, with authoritarian governments using propaganda films.

What was 'scientific merchandising' in the context of consumer culture?

Techniques used in advertising to influence consumer behavior, such as placing milk at the store's far end.

What was the significance of the Ford Model T?

It symbolized mass production and consumption, being affordable and accessible to middle-class consumers.

How did the Great Depression begin?

With the stock market crash on October 24, 1929, which signaled the end of boom times.

What were some social repercussions of the Great Depression?

High unemployment rates, with women often finding lower-paying work and young men being susceptible to radical solutions.

What was President Hoover's stance during the Great Depression?

He insisted on self-reliance rather than government intervention.

What did Oswald Spengler argue in 'The Decline of the West'?

He posited the inevitable decline of Western civilization.

What was the impact of mass production techniques during the war?

They supplied huge quantities of goods faster and at reduced costs, reshuffling the world's economic power balance.

What was the significance of the BBC founded in 1926?

It marked the establishment of a major broadcasting organization during radio's golden age.

What was the effect of global overproduction on agriculture?

It lowered farm commodity prices across the U.S., Canada, and Australia.

How did the U.S. become a global creditor nation?

By producing one-third of global industrial goods by 1929 and surpassing London as the world's financial center.

What was the role of tourism in the 1920s?

It was facilitated by new travel opportunities through airplanes, trains, and automobiles for those who could afford it.

What was the significance of Leni Riefenstahl's 'Triumph of the Will'?

It was a political propaganda masterpiece that portrayed Adolf Hitler as a deity and promoted the Nazi movement.

What was the effect of radio and film advertising on consumer culture?

It shaped national consumer tastes and allowed American entertainment to reach global audiences.

What was the economic condition in Germany leading up to the Great Depression?

Reparations, occupation, and hyper-inflation severely dragged down Germany's economy.

What did the phrase 'The business of America is business' signify?

President Coolidge's declaration reflected a retreat from government activism during the 1920s.

What was the impact of the stock market crash on employment?

By the end of 1930, over 4 million Americans lost their jobs due to the economic downturn.

What was Herbert Hoover's approach to the Great Depression?

Hoover did not try radical solutions despite being well-prepared; he aimed to restore prosperity.

What happened to world trade during the Great Depression?

Countries abandoned free trade and raised protective tariffs, causing world trade to fall to one-third of 1929 levels.

Who argued that markets couldn't always rebound from failures?

John Maynard Keynes in 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.'

What was the main goal of FDR's New Deal?

To provide relief for the jobless and rebuild the economy with regulatory oversight.

What did the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) do?

It guaranteed individuals' bank deposits.

What was the purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)?

To monitor the stock market.

What did the Works Progress Administration (WPA) create?

Jobs to build roads, bridges, airports, and post offices.

What did the Social Security Act establish?

Old-age supplemental pensions.

How did Latin America respond to the Great Depression?

By blending authoritarianism and democracy, creating corporatist states.

What was a characteristic of corporatist states in Latin America?

They used social and occupational groups to bridge elites and the rank and file.

What was the impact of Getúlio Vargas's policies in Brazil?

He created public works but suppressed dissent and increased state control over labor unions.

What was a common trait among postwar dictatorships?

They promised orderly, prosperous societies led by charismatic leaders.

What was the approach of authoritarian regimes towards the masses?

They treated the masses as an army to be disciplined for order and economic rebuilding.

What commonality did Russia, Italy, Germany, and Japan share?

They all rejected parliamentary rule and employed authoritarianism and cult leadership.

What was Stalin's approach to economic planning?

He supported full employment and outlawed private ownership.

What was the outcome of Stalin's collectivization efforts?

Violent resistance from peasants, leading to crop destruction and livestock killings.

What was the purpose of Stalin's Five-Year Plan?

To 'catch and overtake' the capitalist West through rapid industrialization.

What role did the NKVD play in Stalin's regime?

They terrorized peasants and organized deportations.

What was the significance of Mussolini's 'march on Rome'?

It resulted in him being legally appointed prime minister.

How did Italian Fascism use propaganda?

Through film, radio, and parades to instill national pride and recapture the grandeur of the Roman Empire.

What led to the rise of German Nazism?

The Great Depression caused millions to lose faith in democracy and seek radical alternatives.