Learning

7-9%

Classical condtioning

people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflective, involuntary responses, and will learn to respond to new stimulus

Ivan Pavlov

US - food (elicits natural response)

UR or UCR - salivation (involuntary response)

CR became CS when bell stimulated salivation

extinction

when CS no longer elicits the CR

spontaneous recovery

when CR has been extinguished, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of CS

generalization

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Little Albert Experiment

• aversive conditioning - pairing negative stimulus with behavior

learned taste aversion

avoidance of food after negative expirience

salient

easily noticable

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

experiment on association with rats

Operant Conditioning

kind of learning based on the association of consequences with ones behavior

• coined by B.F Skinner

Edward Thorndlike

law of effect - he called it instrumental learning

• if consequence is pleasant the stimulus response will be strengthened, likelihood for behavior to increase

• if consequence is negative SR will decrease making behavior less likely to occur

B.F Skinner

Skinner Box - used in research of animal learning

reinforcement - anything that makes behavior more likely to occur

• positive reinforcement - adding something pleasant

• negative reinforcement - removing something negative

escape learning

allows one terminate an aversive stimulus

avoidance learning

enables on to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether

positive punishment

adding something unpleasant

negative punishment

removing something pleasant

shaping

reinforces the steps used to reach thhe desired behavior

chaining

being taught to perform a number of responses successively in order to get reward

reinforcement schedules

number of responses made - ratio

passage of time - interval

either constant (fixed) or changing (interval)

contingency model

• Robert Rescorla

A is contingent upon B when A depends upon B

Observational Learnng

observation and imitation

• Albert Bandura

Latent Learning

learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it

• Edwards Tolman

Insight Learning

when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem

• Wolfgang Kohler