Organelles found in all cells that burn food particles to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
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Chloroplast
Organelles found only in plants and green algae that harness solar energy to produce ATP by photosynthesis.
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Chemiosmotic coupling
The fundamental mechanism shared by mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes for harnessing energy, linking chemical bond-forming reactions that generate ATP and membrane transport processes.
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ATP synthase
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by utilizing the electrochemical gradient of protons (H+).
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Mitochondrial matrix
The inner compartment of the mitochondria that contains a variety of enzymes, including those involved in the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle.
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TCA cycle
Also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, it is a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix, leading to the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA into CO2 and the production of ATP.
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Electron transport chain
A series of electron-transport protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer high-energy electrons and generate a large electrochemical gradient of protons (H+) across the membrane.
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Photosystem
Groups of photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts that are responsible for capturing light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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Calvin cycle
Also known as the C3 pathway or the dark reactions, it is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts, converting CO2 into carbohydrates, particularly glucose, through a series of enzymatic reactions.
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CAM pathway
A specialized form of photosynthesis observed in certain plants, particularly succulents, that conserves
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