APUSH Unit 6 Quiz 1

Potsdam Conference

• July 17-Aug 2 1945

• Stalin, Truman (FDR died), and Churchill

  • clement Attlee 28th of July

• Spilt Germany and Berlin into 4 zones

  • W. and E. Germany

• Unconditional surrender of Japan

• Ended war time alliance

  • US is no longer allies w/ Russia and England

    • Truman didn’t like USSR and Communism

Yalta Conference

• Feb 4-11 1945

• Germany was done (almost)

  • lost battle of the bulge

  • split of Germany discussed

• Support against Japan

  • US wanted, USSR agreed but told 6 months until they could support them

• Self determination

  • country gets choice in type of colonization and end of colonization

• Stalin wanted Sphere of Influence

  • league of nations took away Russia’s land once and they won’t let it happen again

United Nations and 2 types of meetings

• Big Brother of League of Nations

  • US becomes house of it

• Diplomatic - negotiation of war

• April 25 1945- San Francisco

• Oct 25 1945- operated

• General Assembly

  • all members of the UN meet

• Security Council

  • Soviet Union, China (Tawian until 1971), USA’ England’ France

  • VETO power

Iron Curtain

• Winston Churchill 1947

• Makes US have an US v. them idea

  • don’t want communism to keep spreading

• Soviets- Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria

• 1948 Czechoslovakia communist

• Russia lost 20 million people 30,000 factories, 40,000 miles of RR, 1/2agricultural production

Baruch Plan

• To stop nuclear war

• UN controls nuclear weapons

  • UN controlling allows US to not seem selfish for having nuclear weapons

  • The world is making the decision

• 3 stages

  • control

  • Inspection,= by nuclear countries

  • Allowance

    • decide if countries can have nuclear weapons or not

    • countries with VETO power can veto if a country can

• Created a rivalry

George Kennan

• Came up with the idea of containment

• 1947- contain the spread of communism

  • militarily

  • diplomatically

  • economically

Containment

• George C Marshall changed the foreign policy

• Dean Acheson- Opposed appeasement, negotiate from strength

• George Kennan- Containment

  • 1947 contain the spread of communism

    • militarily

    • diplomatically

      • UN

    • economically

Truman Doctrine

• Military and Economic way to stop communism

• March 1946

• Grease – communist gorilla threaten democracy

• February 21, 1947 – Great Britain could not help grease or turkey

  • Wanted to be communist because hurt by World War II

  • Don’t have factories anymore

• March 12, 1947

  • $400 million for military and economic assistance to Greece and Turkey

  • Communism appeal to them because most will get better pay

  • Set up military bases, and allowed grease and turkey to rebuild

  • US would end up getting money back because once in Greece and Turkey Econ was good and rebuilt they would buy from US again which grows the US economy

  • Makes grease and turkey appreciate capitalism because they can see how their economy grew with it

Marshall Plan

• England, France, Italy, and others owed $9 billion to US

  • couldn’t pay back, food scarce, no industry, no workers, harsh winter 1947

• Weakened USSR

• US gave $17-20 billion over next 4 yrs to Europe, all of Europe

  • just like Truman Doctrine

• USSR countries refused to accept the $ the US offered them

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• Diplomatic way to stop comunism

• April 4 1949

• US committed to defense of Eur.

• “Attack against Eur. is an attack against the US”

  • deters USSR from attacking Eur

• Eisenhower to post of NATO Supreme commander

• 4 divisions moved to Eur. to serve as NATO army

Berlin Blockade

• W. Germany 1 gov

• didn’t allow trains or road into Berlin

• US’s choices

  • do nothing

  • Bomb USSR

  • or use military

• Berlin Airlift as response- US uses military

  • dropped supplies by aircraft to Berlin

    • USSR doesn’t shoot planes down b/c they don’t want war either

    • Makes Russia look bad

  • 52 C-54s, 8 C-47s, ^0 B-29s to England

  • 7000 tons today

  • 1949 USSR reopens

National Security Act

• Military response

• Department of defense

• civilian set controlled looked at by

  • 1 navy, 1 army, 1 air force

  • CIA

  • NSC

Central Intelligence Agency

• CIA

• spies for US

National Security Council

• NSC

• Service secretaries, secretary of defense, secretary of state

• job is to advise president in all matters

H-Bomb

• US developed the Hydrogen Bomb

• Fusion

NSC-68

• rejected appeasement and isolation

• increased defense spending fund from $13 billion a yr to $45 billion a yr

Marshall Plan- china

• US gave china $1 billion while Chiang Kai Shek was in charge

  • used the money irresponsiblally- gave to his friends

  • allowed Mao Zedong to take over

• Mao Zedong

  • communist china in 1949

  • used educating the youth- Mao’s little red book, Great Leap forward- switch in jobs, and Cultural Revolution- having 18 yr be the police and go after those who apposed Mao

• US response

  • refused to recognize Communist China and didn’t recognize Tawian as China’s

  • Focused on rebuilding Japan

  • only good thing was China didn’t like Russia

    • China- communism for peasants

    • Russia- communism for workers

Korean War

• UN sanctioned fight, not US- US was the ones sent into lead the fight

• 1945- 38th parallel divided N. communist and S. Democratic

  • North- Kim II Sung

  • South- Syngman Rhee

• June 25 1950- N. Korea Attacked

  • US sent in- UN action

  • Police Action

  • US pushed N. Korea back to border

  • China sent in 200,000 volunteers- pushed US back

  • MacArthur relieved April 11 1951

  • War ended 1953- 38th parallel the dividing time

    • DMZ- demilitarized zone

John Foster Dulles

• Secretary of State

  • deals with foreign powers

• imposed the Massive Relation in 1954

  • said US would bomb if them or their allies were attacked

Massive Retaliation- 1954

• use a nuclear response if US or their allies were

  • was a deterrent for USSR and China to not attack

  • gave them leverage because at the time they were the only ones who had nuclear weapons

    • didn’t have once USSR made atomic bomb

Dien Bien Phu

• Battle b/tw France and communist party in Vietnam

• lead to the French being defeated in 1954 and communist being in charge

• Caused US to enter and help Ngo Dihn Diem and other Democrates in S. Vietnam to not be taken over by N. Vietnam

• Indochina was eventually divided at the 17th parallel with N. Vietnam communist with leader Ho chih minh and S. Vietnam democratic with leader Ngo Dinh Diem

Ho Chih Minh

• Leader of Vietnam’s communist party

• defeated France

Fidel Castro

• Leader of Cuba

• US helped him overthrow Bastia

• Once US wouldn’t give him anymore $ he turned to USSR and became communist

  • communism is closer to US now

Eisenhower Doctrine

a failed diplomatic mission undertaken by General George C. Marshall in 1945-1947 to mediate a civil war between the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalists (Kuomintang) and establish a unified government.

Sputnik

• USSR launched first satellite into space in 1958

• scares US because they can’t do this and don’t have much knowledge on this type of science

• causes the US to focus on science and math (STEM)

ICBMs

• Russia invented

• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

• scares the US because we don’t have them and USSR can use them against them

U-2 plane

• Spy plane that US sent to take pictures of Soviet Territory

• plane was shot down, but US denied that the plane was sent

• USSR had picture of plane which made US look bad and like liars

Employment Act 1946

a landmark piece of legislation that committed the U.S. federal government to promoting maximum employment, production, and purchasing power

Changes in Society- 3 C’s

• End of WW2= people having pent up $ they can spend that they weren’t able to during the war

  • couldn’t spend during the war b/c there was nothing to buy

• Americans b/cm consumeristic

• Don’t like communist

• People conform

  • come together into groups

• Consumeristic, Communism, Conform

  • 1960s all about what makes you American

Taft Hartley Act 1947

• Anti labor union- Truman VETOs but congress overrides

• Outlawed closed shop, secondary boycotts

• President could invoke 80 day cooling off period to delay strikes that went against National health or safety

Dixiecrats

• Disgruntled Southerner- wanted States rights

• Thought desegregation was taking away states rights

House Un-American Committee

• a US House of Representatives committee formed in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyal activities, particularly those associated with communism. It gained notoriety for its hearings and investigations during the Red Scare, focusing on individuals and groups suspected of Communist ties. 

Alger Hiss

• Alger Hiss was a former government official, specifically a State Department employee, who was accused of being a communist spy. The case, which centered on a meeting between Hiss and Whittaker Chambers, an admitted communist and later a Time magazine editor, became a major scandal during the Red Scare of the 1950s. Hiss was eventually convicted of perjury, but the case remains controversial and has been debated by historians. 

Klaus Fuchs

• Russian spy

• gave info to Russia

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

• Russia spies

• found guilty and executed

• scared people because the looked like ordinary people, not spies

Loyalty Review Board

• looked for people who were communist

• teachers had to go in front of the board and say they weren’t communist

McCarthyism

• Joseph McCarthy in Wisconsin Feb 12 1950

• Accused 205 state department officials to be communist

  • this was televised that communist were in our gov, scared the people

  • had no actual proof

• Caused 4 and ½ year crusade on TV and radio

• spread multiple untruths, no single conformation

• Creates fear and went a/f the military

  • Joseph called Marshall of Marshall plan a communist

• 1954 Joseph was censured by Congress

McCarthyism Results

• Paralyzed National Life

  • couldn’t do anything outside of the normal otherwise would be called communist

• Political and Cultural Conformity

  • conformed into what everyone else was doing

  • loyalty oaths for teachers

  • banned left winged books- Robin Hood

  • Blacklisted radio, tv, film enteratiners

    • those who were seen as not apart of the “group” would be listed and not played or hired

  • freedom of expression was lost

    • gov hindered it

Levittown

• William Levitt

• made suburb housing to rent or buy

• 2000 rental houses

• 720 sq ft cape cod

• Kitchen, 2 bed, bath, fireplace, expansion attic (2 more bedrooms)

• $6990 or a ranch $10,000

• Refrigerator, range, washing machine

• didn’t matter on religion, but race was a different story

  • would build big houses so only whites would be able to afford them

• 1960s 1/3 lived in suburbs

Baby boom

• a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II

Dr. Benjamin Spock

• wrote Baby and Children

• said family should be centered around the kids

Television

• changed society

• better and quicker access to news

• family was centered around the TV

  • would go home and watch it together and be a family

• showed sterotypically shows about families

  • MC suburbs, white

Counter culture

• critics tot he consumer society

  • same as lost generation but different views on the war

• not huge part of population

  • didn’t fall inline, not respected

• John Keats- the Crack in the Picture window

• Richard Gordon, Katherine Gordon, Max Gunther- Disturbia

• David Riesman- The lonely crowd

  • inner directed and outer directed

• C Wright Mills- White Collar

  • deprived office workers of own identities, manipulation, and propaganda

• Jack Kerouac- On the Road

Jack Kerouac Beatniks

• Wrote On the road

• Beatlinks- long hair, bizzare, clothing, manipulation, drugs, sex

  • wore all black , wnet to poetry readings, jazz music

Jackson Pollock

• art of creating paintings without thinking

Fair Deal

• Truman

• expansion of farm price support

  • subsides

• broadened social security

  • more people w/ social security

• increased min wage

• repeal Taft Harley Act

• FEPC

  • continued no segergation in hiring

• increased education spending

Dwight D Eisenhower

• Wanted Moderation

  • no social change/ econ reform

  • no dismantle of FDR plans- didn’t get rid of

• 1954 extended social security benefits- added to social security

  • min wage $1- hurts small businesses b/c they can’t pay as much

  • 4 million added to unemployment eligibility

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

• USSR is the reason this continued

  • especially after Sputnik

• Done by Eisenhower

• a cabinet-level agency to oversee federal and state programs in public health, education, and social and economic security

Highway Act 1956

• Done by Eisenhower

• created a highway system throughout the US

• $25 Billion- 90% was federally funded other 10% was from taxes

• taxed fuel, tires, new cars, trucks

FEPC

• Fair employment Practices committee

  • continues no segregation in hiring

    • had expired in 1946

Executive Order 9881

• 1948 Truman desegregated the military

McCarran Act

• 1950 had every “communist front organization to register w/ the attorney general”

  • AA aren’t the focal point of anger anymore, communist are

  • no defense work

  • can’t travel abroad

  • provided for construction of internment camps

  • so security to Oppenheimer

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954

• Linda Brown had to cross RR switch board to get to school instead of going to white school 7 blocks down the road b/c of segregation

• Her parents sued the school

• Thurgood Marshall was Brown’s lawyer

  • apart of the NAACP

  • fighting the seperate not equal statement

• Chief Justice Warren statement

  • school segregation should “end with all deliberate speed”

    • caused problems b/c south took their time to desegregate the schools, until 1970s

    • makes this a states rights vs federal rights issue

  • Plessy vs. Ferguson was deemed unconstitutional

Southern Manifesto

• showed how the south reacted to desegregation

  • different this time b/c TV was used to spread the info and show what was happening

• 101 southern represenatives

• denounced Brown, promoted and praised schools that did allow segregation

• started using placement boards

Little Rock 1957

• Arkansas tried to desegregate their schools

• 9 AA students at a white school

• Governor Orval Faubus brought in the national guard in order to stop desegregation

• Eisenhower fought Faubus and sent 1000 paratroopers and more national guard in to protect the AA and remove Faubus

• Lead to the Civil Rights act of 1957

Civil Rights Movement 1957

• injunctions to stop interference in AA voting

• civil rights commission created

Civil Rights Movement

• AA started to move into the MC

  • want American Dream of 3 kids and white picket fence

• Roots of movement

  • southern industrialization

  • small farms to large commercial farms

  • Aircraft factories

  • army bases

  • GI bill

  • increase in AA in MC

Rosa Parks

• one of the starts of the civil rights movement

  • goes on news, so people could see what happened

• Rosa refused to move from her seat on the bus for a white person

  • was arrested and fined $14

• Lead to the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Martin Luther King Jr.

• developed a more nonviolent protest style

  • got from Gandhi who got it from Henry David Throughow

    • disobey civilally

• Wrote Letter from Birmingham Jail in Jail

  • addresses the white moderate and the white church

  • praises the non violent action

  • describes the violent actions of white police

    • want people to realize what AA had to deal with

• Lead March of Washington

  • I have a Dream Speech

Montgomery Bus boycott

• Non violent way to protest, still went to work but didn’t use buses

  • attack on buses not businesses

• boycotted bus system for 381 days

  • hit bus industry really hard b/c weren’t making what they were used to w/o AA riding the bus

• Authorities indicted leaders

• Money came in to help

• Supreme court declared the segregated bus system was unconstitutional

• Martin Luther king Jr. was a leader

SCLC

• Sothern Christian leadership Conference

• apart of Montgomery Bus Boycott

• a prominent civil rights organization founded in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other civil rights activists. It played a crucial role in the Civil Rights Movement, particularly in coordinating nonviolent protests and voter registration drives in the South. The SCLC's goal was to achieve full equality for African Americans in all aspects of American life, using nonviolent resistance as its primary method. 

SNCC

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• AA college students

• SNCC focused on nonviolent direct action, grassroots mobilization, and voter registration, challenging racial segregation and discrimination. They played a key role in events like sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and the March on Washington. 

Sit ins and kneel ins

• AA would sit in at lunch counters were they wouldn’t be served

• would sit there all day

• non violent

Freedom Riders

• CORE- Congress of Radical Equality

• AA and whites took a bus and rode through some states

  • AA at the time weren’t allowed to travel interstate

  • May 1961

  • In Anniston Alabama they were meet by the Klan who slashed their tires, fire bmbed the bus, and beat up the people inside once they had evacuated

Black Muslims

• violent group for civil rights

• rejected American society

• demanded that part of the US be set aside for AA

  • wanted to be segregated from all of American

• Suspicious of all whites

• Malcom X was a member but once he dropped out they assassinated him

Malcom X

• Malcom Little

• Violent start- writes the Bullet or the Ballad

  • “If someone puts a hand on you, send him to the cemetery

• Took a trip to Mecca and decided to not use violence anymore

  • dropped out of Black Muslims

  • creates his own organization

  • gave speech and black Muslims assassinated him- Feb 21 1965

May 3 1963 Birmingham

• On May 3, 1963, Birmingham, Alabama, was the site of a significant moment in the Civil Rights Movement: the Children's Crusade, a march by hundreds of students led by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The march, part of a broader campaign to desegregate the city, faced brutal police response, including the use of fire hoses and police dogs, which was widely televised and sparked national outrage. This event, along with others in the Birmingham campaign, played a crucial role in pushing for federal civil rights legislation. 

March on Washington

• Marine Luther King Junior lead a march to Washington

• gave his I have a dream speech

• Aug 28 1963

• hundreds of thousands showed up

“I have a Dream”

• MLK jr gave

• Used repetition to emphasize

  • I have a dream- hopeful for the future

    • AA won’t be judged on skin color but on their character

  • Let freedom ring- freedom be everywhere

  • with this faith- believing that something will happen even if not certain

Civil rights act of 1964

• JFK started, LBJ finished it

• outlawed discrimination in public accomindations and employment on the basis of race, skin color, sex, religion, and national origin

  • can discriminate on age and sexualility

Selma

• March 25 1965, MLK jr lead a march from Selma Alabama to Montgomery Alabama

  • tried 2 time before, Jan 2 and March 7-Bloody Sunday, but were assualted by state police

• took 5 days

• LBJ protected them this time

• March to let

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• federal intervention to protect black registration and voting in the US

• Also for state and local elections

  • fed gov imposing on states rights

Black Power and Stokley Carmichael

• Carmichael lead it

• SNCC turns to violence b/c seeing no progress

• wanted part of America to be for AA

• LA Watts Ghetto riots

• Aug 1965, incident brought thousands to the street 6 days of rioting and fire

  • destroyed the property of their own neighborhood

    • b/c the can and acted out of anger

• Firemen came into to stop fire but they attacked them too

• national guard was sent in to end it

MLK assassination

• April 4 1968

• Memphis Tenn

• done by James earl ray

• Result- violence

  • hundred of cities riot

  • burned places incities

Kerner Commission

• Otto kerner Jr- gov of illinois

• 11 members decided the following- Black Panthers

  • resisted the police- wanted own police for their communities

  • H Rap Brown

  • Eldridge Cleaver took over in 1968

• White racism was though to be the source of their problems

  • deprived blaks access to good jobs, crowded them into slums, eroded the idea of escape and created misery

    • believed they couldn’t win b/c white racism

  • Ghetto bred crime and depravity

  • white middle class fled- white flight

  • violence as a force of change would only impact the black area

    • only blacks property they destroyed

1963- Gideon v. Wainwright

• established the right to legal counsel for all criminal defendants in state courts, even those who cannot afford an attorney. This ruling overturned the precedent set in Betts v. Brady and affirmed that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel applies to states through the Fourteenth Amendment. 

1964- Escobedo v. Illinois

• the Supreme Court ruled that criminal suspects have a right to an attorney during police interrogations, specifically when the investigation focuses on them and they are denied access to counsel. The Court held that any statements made by the suspect after being denied access to legal representation cannot be used against them in court. This ruling expanded upon the Sixth Amendment right to counsel and significantly impacted police procedures. 

1966- Miranda v. Arizona

• the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that law enforcement must inform suspects of their rights to remain silent and have an attorney present during questioning, known as the "Miranda warnings". This landmark decision ensures that suspects understand their rights before being interrogated in police custody, protecting against self-incrimination. 

1962- Baker v. Carr

• the Court ruled that federal courts could hear cases alleging that state redistricting plans violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This landmark decision, decided on March 26, 1962, essentially opened the door for the judiciary to review and potentially invalidate state redistricting plans. 

1962- Engle v. Vitale

• the Court ruled that state-mandated prayer in public schools was unconstitutional, violating the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. Specifically, the case involved a New York Board of Regents-authorized prayer that students were encouraged to recite at the start of each school day. The Court, in a 6-1 decision, held that this practice, even though voluntary, violated the Establishment Clause by promoting a specific religious activity in a public school environment. 

Bakke v. Regents of University of California 1972

• determined that race could be a factor in college admissions, but specific racial quotas were unconstitutional. The Court ruled that while universities could consider race as one factor among many to achieve a diverse student body, they could not use rigid quotas that reserved seats solely based on race. 

November 22 1963

• On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a motorcade. He was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald, who was apprehended shortly after the shooting. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president on board Air Force One shortly after Kennedy's death. 

Lee Harvey Oswald

• In APUSH, Lee Harvey Oswald is defined as the man who was allegedly the assassin of President John F. Kennedy. He was an ex-Marine and communist sympathizer who shot the president while he was in a car parade in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Oswald was himself killed two days later by Jack Ruby while being transferred between jails. 

Jack Ruby

• Jack Ruby is significant as the Dallas nightclub owner who famously shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963. This event, witnessed by millions on live television, occurred as Oswald was being transferred from the city jail to the county jail, a few days after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ruby's actions further complicated the already complex situation surrounding the assassination and fueled conspiracy theories.