Studied by 5 people
When was the first parliament in charles' reign
june-august 1625
what reduced the effectiveness of the crown' position in parliament 1
Lord Keeper Williams made it cear that the death of a ruler neccesitated a dissolution and election
what was charles' attitude during the first parliament
expected to justs have to ask parliament for funds and no need to explain why so little had been achieved
what were the aims of charles and buckingham in terms of foreign policy during the first parliament
a naval expedition to cadiz, to subsidise a danish invasion of germany - parliament wanted more detials
how were parliament supportive of finance during the first parliament
agreed to two subsidies of no more than £140,000
how were parliament not completely supportive in terms of finance during the first parliament
only offered charles a grants of tonnage and poundage for a single year - not entire reign like previous rulers sinse 1485
who did buckingham alienate during the first parliament
the privy council
how did parliament criticise buckingham during the first parliament
responded with a request that charles would consult a "settled a constant council"
how did charles and parliament conflict over religion during the first parliament
parliament concerned about lax of enforcement of penal laws - made it clear charles would not get his money if he did not tighten uup on these laws and church attendence
charles defended richard montagu when parliament attacked him
why did charles dissolve the first parliament
disputes over treatment of catholics
when was parliament 2
feb-june 1626
what were the early problems of the second parliament
failure of expedition to cadiz and york house conference on religion inconclusive
what went wrong at cadiz
badly provisioned and supplied ships - men had to find wine which made them inebriated and mutinous
cadiz was well defended
what went wrong with france during the second parliament
ships had been taken by france for war with the huguenots which was very unpopular in england
protestant english sailors refused to fight with the french against the protestants
what went wrong in europe during the second parliament
french came to terms with spanish in april 1626
defeat of christian IV in germany - protestant cause was insecure
when did france come to terms with the spanish
april 1626
what was parliaments attitude toward finance during the second parliament
determined on redress of greivances before granting of supplies
what was charles' tactic in terms of finance during the second parliament
forestall worst opposition by appointing further MPs like Edward Coke as sheriffs for 1626 so they were unable to stand for election
what was parliaments aim in terms of buckingham during the second parliament
wanted to impeach him on the terms of high treason
what signalled improvement in crown and parliaments relationship during the second parliament
stronger enforcement of penal laws
who became a key advisor during the second parliament
william laud
when was the break from parliament
1626-28
What was the forced loan?
70% of the expected £267,000 (equivalent to 5 subsidies) was collected. This was more than what Parliament had previously granted Charles.
30% refused to pay
causes of the forced loan 1626
war with spain and france - money needed
customs tax tonnage and poundage only granted for 1 year
Arminian William Laud persuaded Charles to call for the forced loan - wanted arminian support
'test of political loyalty' - identify opponents
how many refused to pay the tax of the forced loan
76 as they claimed it was unauthorised by parliament - they were imprisonned
when was the 5 knights case
November 1627
what was the 5 knights case
5 knights refused to pay the forced loan - imprisonned
demanded the right to know legal cause of imprisonment- habeas corpus.
A judgement upheld Charles' right to imprison in this case without trial.
Attorney General Sir Robert Hearth tried to alter this so that Charles could imprison without trial in any case.
Parliament prevented this alteration in 1628 (Petition of Right).
meaning of habeas corpus
An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.
who were the 5 knights
sir john corbet
sir thomas darnell
sir walter erle
sir john heveningham
sir edmund hampden
what made the petition signed by the 5 knights fall through
the courts ruled for the king - he could imprison for "reasons of state"
impact of forced loan on counties
county militias were resourced - equipped trained and placed near the coast
but billeted on lands of the people so the communities had to pay not the crown
when was the la rochelle disaster
october 1627
what were the aims of the la rochelle attack
planned to relieve la rochelle by taking fortresses on the island of rhé
attack french shipping, help hugenots holding out in la rochelle and maintain control of the channel
why were the troops in la rochelle forced to withdraw
the scaling ladders were too short to get over the wall
how many went to la rochelle and how many returned
8000 went but only 3000 returned
what caused lots of discontent toward charles and buckingham as a result of la rochelle
war with both france and spain was unheard of
evidence of bad military reputation of the crown and management of war
since 1624, 50,000 men had been elisted and about 1/3 had died
what caused the call for parliament 3
after la rochelle, england was now at war with both spain and france so money was needed
what did charles do during the first session of parliament 3 to those imprisonned
released them
how did parliament attack royal prerogative during the first session of parliament 3
collection of arbitrary taxation
imprisonment without charge
billeting of troops
concern over 5 knights case
what did parliament agree to in the first session of parliament 3
grants 5 subsidies IF the grievances they had aired over royal prerogative were addressed
who suggested a new form of a magna carta during the first session of the third parliament
sir edward coke - the petition of right
when did charles agree to the petition of right
june 1628 - suggested it didnt affect his prerogatives
parliament insisted it became a law
what happened in terms of foreign policy during the first session of the third parliament
second la rochelle expedition was planned
sir john eliot MP continued attacks on buckingham balming him for all miseries
what happened in terms of religion during the first session of the third parliament
parliament attacks arminian roger manwaring for his sermon in favour of forced loans
when was the petition of right
7 June 1628
when was buckingham assassinated
23rd August 1628
when was the second expedition to la rochelle
october 1627
how much did the forced loan raise
£240,000
first parliament 1625
tonnage and poundage voted but for only a year
arminians preached in favour of royal power (manwaring, montagu and laud)
second parliament 1626
sir john eliot criticised DoB's leadership
charles called it because needed funds for war with spain
charles tried to squash oppositions of the malcontents (sheriffs)
commons blamed DoB for growing influence of arminians and Cadiz failure - sought to impeach
interim period 1626-28
76 gentry imprisoned for refusing to pay forced loan
5 knights case
charles decided to raise another forced loan against P's advice
charles raised a loan from the city of london by giving up the last major body of crown land
first session of third parliament 1628-29
petition of right presented
commons offered king 5 subsidies
commons drew up a remonstrance identifying threats
second session of the third parliament 1628-29
3 resolutions called against arminianism, collection of taxes without P's consent and against those who voluntarily paid duties
charles made concessions over religion - recusancy laws enforced and george abbott was readmitted into privy council
black rod was shut out of the commons, parliament dissolved - PR
foreign policy aim of charles and DoB
regain palatinate by naval war with spain and supported by a french alliance with subsidy to the united provinces (dutch prot) and danish king
what did the petition of right assert
no taxes without parliaments consent
no imprisonment without trial
no billeting of troops
no martial law
what name was given to the MPs critical of the king and his policies by the court
fiery spirits
why was richard montagu criticised by parliament
he published arminian tracts
what did charles make richard montagu despite parliaments criticism
bishop of chichester
why was black rod in parliament
because charles wanted to adjourn parliament - ended up dissolving
why did charles need to be cautious of the petition of right
needed parliaments approval on taxation which meant he needed to get creative with his finances because he couldnt get any subsidies as he dissolved parliament
what were charles' main problems at the start of his reign
disunited government - randolph crewe, geoge abbott
costly failures - cadiz dec 1625 and la rochelle 1627
fiery spirits - edward coke and john eliot eg
petition of right 1628
charles' aims at the start of his reign - succeeded for first 11 years
peace (foreign policy)
financial probity
good united government council
erastian system
loyal men of business
charles' aims with government and administration
not absolutist
making existing system work
relied on old system of local, unpaid officials
exploit system of revenue more completely
charles' aims with finance
reduce expenditure
increase income by more efficiently collecting revenue
mindful of petition of right
no reform of system as it would create more opposition
who was charles' attorney general until 1635
william noy
when was the treaty of madrid
November 1630
why did ship money worry parliament
because it seemed a lot like tax which had been forbidden for charles to make without consultation with parliament in the petition of right in 1628
when was the battle of edgehill
23rd October 1642
how much was charles' debt
doubled james' £1million in 5 years to £2million
who was lord treasurer until 1635
sir richard weston
2 reasons why richard weston was unpopular
nearly impeached in 1629 for his catholic sympathy
promoted catholic businessmen's monopoly on soap manufacturing
when was the treaty of susa with france
April 1629
what were the advantage of the treaty with france 1629 and spain 1930
cut out biggest item of expenditure
what were the disadvantage of the treaty with france 1629 and spain 1930
james played no part in the 30 years war so puritans saw it as desertion of the cause
when was the new book of rates inforced
1635 - crown revenue from customs increased
advantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the new book of rates
income went up to £425,000 in 1639
disadvantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the new book of rates
still didnt have parliamentary sanction
advantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the increased collection of recusancy fines
quadrupled revenue to £26,866
disadvantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the increased collection of recusancy fines
alienated catholics
define fiscal feudalism
raised money by exploiting income which had been due to the crown under the feudal system but had long been superseded
what commission was created through fiscal feudalism and who led on it
commission for defective titles
william noy
by the end of the 1630s how much had charles raised from distraint knighthood
£170,000
what was the fine of distraint knighthood
anyone holding land that was worth more than £40 per annum who hadnt been knighted at the coronation had to be fined
what was the downside of the fine of distraint knighthood
it was an old law and hadnt been enforced for a long time
what were the fines charles put in place during his personal rule in attempts to raise money and the downsides
people were fined if they built in the forest - didnt raise much and annoyed upper class
fined for building outside the london official boundary or for illegal enclosure - seemed unfair, tax on population growth
how was income from wardships raised by a third to £75,000 during charles' personal rule
exploiting estates held by children
what did the 1624 act prevent in terms of monopolies
prevented the awarding of monopolies to individuals but the crown could still grant to businesses / corporations
not as successful as hoped
soap monopoly
a group of catholics had a monopoly to sell soap (popish soap washed whitest)
the crown gained £30,000 per year but ended grant in 1637 due to complaints that soap wasnt borne out in use
fens monopoly
group had a grant to drain the fens - unpopular to those who made a living there
how did charles make money from crown lands during his personal rule
raised rents and fined tenants whose claims to land were not well documented
pros to charles' attempt to make money from crown lands during his personal rule
debt decreased to £1million
income exceeded expenditure
king was finally able to balance the books
cons to charles' attempt to make money from crown lands during his personal rule
lessened crown finance in the long term
charles had already sold £600,000 worth
how was ship money allowed
seen as an emergency tax so wasnt going against petition of right
how much did ship money raise 1635-38
£200,000 per year
equal to 3 subsidies
who were affected by ship money tax
people who usually were not liable for taxation like those who didnt llive near the coast
why was ship money unpopualr
seemed unwarranted and there was no precedent for it being a permanent tax
how many ships were built per year due to the ship money tax
2
where did charles sepnd his money
enthusiastic patron of the arts
5 children
refurbished queens quarters
who was richard montagu
bishop of chichester
his promotion caused arguments as he was an arminian
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