The Early Stuarts - CHARLES I 1625-40

When was the first parliament in charles' reign

june-august 1625

what reduced the effectiveness of the crown' position in parliament 1

Lord Keeper Williams made it cear that the death of a ruler neccesitated a dissolution and election

what was charles' attitude during the first parliament

expected to justs have to ask parliament for funds and no need to explain why so little had been achieved

what were the aims of charles and buckingham in terms of foreign policy during the first parliament

a naval expedition to cadiz, to subsidise a danish invasion of germany - parliament wanted more detials

how were parliament supportive of finance during the first parliament

agreed to two subsidies of no more than £140,000

how were parliament not completely supportive in terms of finance during the first parliament

only offered charles a grants of tonnage and poundage for a single year - not entire reign like previous rulers sinse 1485

who did buckingham alienate during the first parliament

the privy council

how did parliament criticise buckingham during the first parliament

responded with a request that charles would consult a "settled a constant council"

how did charles and parliament conflict over religion during the first parliament

parliament concerned about lax of enforcement of penal laws - made it clear charles would not get his money if he did not tighten uup on these laws and church attendence

charles defended richard montagu when parliament attacked him

why did charles dissolve the first parliament

disputes over treatment of catholics

when was parliament 2

feb-june 1626

what were the early problems of the second parliament

failure of expedition to cadiz and york house conference on religion inconclusive

what went wrong at cadiz

badly provisioned and supplied ships - men had to find wine which made them inebriated and mutinous

cadiz was well defended

what went wrong with france during the second parliament

ships had been taken by france for war with the huguenots which was very unpopular in england

protestant english sailors refused to fight with the french against the protestants

what went wrong in europe during the second parliament

french came to terms with spanish in april 1626

defeat of christian IV in germany - protestant cause was insecure

when did france come to terms with the spanish

april 1626

what was parliaments attitude toward finance during the second parliament

determined on redress of greivances before granting of supplies

what was charles' tactic in terms of finance during the second parliament

forestall worst opposition by appointing further MPs like Edward Coke as sheriffs for 1626 so they were unable to stand for election

what was parliaments aim in terms of buckingham during the second parliament

wanted to impeach him on the terms of high treason

what signalled improvement in crown and parliaments relationship during the second parliament

stronger enforcement of penal laws

who became a key advisor during the second parliament

william laud

when was the break from parliament

1626-28

What was the forced loan?

70% of the expected £267,000 (equivalent to 5 subsidies) was collected. This was more than what Parliament had previously granted Charles.

30% refused to pay

causes of the forced loan 1626

war with spain and france - money needed

customs tax tonnage and poundage only granted for 1 year

Arminian William Laud persuaded Charles to call for the forced loan - wanted arminian support

'test of political loyalty' - identify opponents

how many refused to pay the tax of the forced loan

76 as they claimed it was unauthorised by parliament - they were imprisonned

when was the 5 knights case

November 1627

what was the 5 knights case

5 knights refused to pay the forced loan - imprisonned

demanded the right to know legal cause of imprisonment- habeas corpus.

A judgement upheld Charles' right to imprison in this case without trial.

Attorney General Sir Robert Hearth tried to alter this so that Charles could imprison without trial in any case.

Parliament prevented this alteration in 1628 (Petition of Right).

meaning of habeas corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

who were the 5 knights

sir john corbet

sir thomas darnell

sir walter erle

sir john heveningham

sir edmund hampden

what made the petition signed by the 5 knights fall through

the courts ruled for the king - he could imprison for "reasons of state"

impact of forced loan on counties

county militias were resourced - equipped trained and placed near the coast

but billeted on lands of the people so the communities had to pay not the crown

when was the la rochelle disaster

october 1627

what were the aims of the la rochelle attack

planned to relieve la rochelle by taking fortresses on the island of rhé

attack french shipping, help hugenots holding out in la rochelle and maintain control of the channel

why were the troops in la rochelle forced to withdraw

the scaling ladders were too short to get over the wall

how many went to la rochelle and how many returned

8000 went but only 3000 returned

what caused lots of discontent toward charles and buckingham as a result of la rochelle

war with both france and spain was unheard of

evidence of bad military reputation of the crown and management of war

since 1624, 50,000 men had been elisted and about 1/3 had died

what caused the call for parliament 3

after la rochelle, england was now at war with both spain and france so money was needed

what did charles do during the first session of parliament 3 to those imprisonned

released them

how did parliament attack royal prerogative during the first session of parliament 3

collection of arbitrary taxation

imprisonment without charge

billeting of troops

concern over 5 knights case

what did parliament agree to in the first session of parliament 3

grants 5 subsidies IF the grievances they had aired over royal prerogative were addressed

who suggested a new form of a magna carta during the first session of the third parliament

sir edward coke - the petition of right

when did charles agree to the petition of right

june 1628 - suggested it didnt affect his prerogatives

parliament insisted it became a law

what happened in terms of foreign policy during the first session of the third parliament

second la rochelle expedition was planned

sir john eliot MP continued attacks on buckingham balming him for all miseries

what happened in terms of religion during the first session of the third parliament

parliament attacks arminian roger manwaring for his sermon in favour of forced loans

when was the petition of right

7 June 1628

when was buckingham assassinated

23rd August 1628

when was the second expedition to la rochelle

october 1627

how much did the forced loan raise

£240,000

first parliament 1625

tonnage and poundage voted but for only a year

arminians preached in favour of royal power (manwaring, montagu and laud)

second parliament 1626

sir john eliot criticised DoB's leadership

charles called it because needed funds for war with spain

charles tried to squash oppositions of the malcontents (sheriffs)

commons blamed DoB for growing influence of arminians and Cadiz failure - sought to impeach

interim period 1626-28

76 gentry imprisoned for refusing to pay forced loan

5 knights case

charles decided to raise another forced loan against P's advice

charles raised a loan from the city of london by giving up the last major body of crown land

first session of third parliament 1628-29

petition of right presented

commons offered king 5 subsidies

commons drew up a remonstrance identifying threats

second session of the third parliament 1628-29

3 resolutions called against arminianism, collection of taxes without P's consent and against those who voluntarily paid duties

charles made concessions over religion - recusancy laws enforced and george abbott was readmitted into privy council

black rod was shut out of the commons, parliament dissolved - PR

foreign policy aim of charles and DoB

regain palatinate by naval war with spain and supported by a french alliance with subsidy to the united provinces (dutch prot) and danish king

what did the petition of right assert

no taxes without parliaments consent

no imprisonment without trial

no billeting of troops

no martial law

what name was given to the MPs critical of the king and his policies by the court

fiery spirits

why was richard montagu criticised by parliament

he published arminian tracts

what did charles make richard montagu despite parliaments criticism

bishop of chichester

why was black rod in parliament

because charles wanted to adjourn parliament - ended up dissolving

why did charles need to be cautious of the petition of right

needed parliaments approval on taxation which meant he needed to get creative with his finances because he couldnt get any subsidies as he dissolved parliament

what were charles' main problems at the start of his reign

disunited government - randolph crewe, geoge abbott

costly failures - cadiz dec 1625 and la rochelle 1627

fiery spirits - edward coke and john eliot eg

petition of right 1628

charles' aims at the start of his reign - succeeded for first 11 years

peace (foreign policy)

financial probity

good united government council

erastian system

loyal men of business

charles' aims with government and administration

not absolutist

making existing system work

relied on old system of local, unpaid officials

exploit system of revenue more completely

charles' aims with finance

reduce expenditure

increase income by more efficiently collecting revenue

mindful of petition of right

no reform of system as it would create more opposition

who was charles' attorney general until 1635

william noy

when was the treaty of madrid

November 1630

why did ship money worry parliament

because it seemed a lot like tax which had been forbidden for charles to make without consultation with parliament in the petition of right in 1628

when was the battle of edgehill

23rd October 1642

how much was charles' debt

doubled james' £1million in 5 years to £2million

who was lord treasurer until 1635

sir richard weston

2 reasons why richard weston was unpopular

nearly impeached in 1629 for his catholic sympathy

promoted catholic businessmen's monopoly on soap manufacturing

when was the treaty of susa with france

April 1629

what were the advantage of the treaty with france 1629 and spain 1930

cut out biggest item of expenditure

what were the disadvantage of the treaty with france 1629 and spain 1930

james played no part in the 30 years war so puritans saw it as desertion of the cause

when was the new book of rates inforced

1635 - crown revenue from customs increased

advantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the new book of rates

income went up to £425,000 in 1639

disadvantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the new book of rates

still didnt have parliamentary sanction

advantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the increased collection of recusancy fines

quadrupled revenue to £26,866

disadvantage of crown revenue from customs increasing in the 1630s through the increased collection of recusancy fines

alienated catholics

define fiscal feudalism

raised money by exploiting income which had been due to the crown under the feudal system but had long been superseded

what commission was created through fiscal feudalism and who led on it

commission for defective titles

william noy

by the end of the 1630s how much had charles raised from distraint knighthood

£170,000

what was the fine of distraint knighthood

anyone holding land that was worth more than £40 per annum who hadnt been knighted at the coronation had to be fined

what was the downside of the fine of distraint knighthood

it was an old law and hadnt been enforced for a long time

what were the fines charles put in place during his personal rule in attempts to raise money and the downsides

people were fined if they built in the forest - didnt raise much and annoyed upper class

fined for building outside the london official boundary or for illegal enclosure - seemed unfair, tax on population growth

how was income from wardships raised by a third to £75,000 during charles' personal rule

exploiting estates held by children

what did the 1624 act prevent in terms of monopolies

prevented the awarding of monopolies to individuals but the crown could still grant to businesses / corporations

not as successful as hoped

soap monopoly

a group of catholics had a monopoly to sell soap (popish soap washed whitest)

the crown gained £30,000 per year but ended grant in 1637 due to complaints that soap wasnt borne out in use

fens monopoly

group had a grant to drain the fens - unpopular to those who made a living there

how did charles make money from crown lands during his personal rule

raised rents and fined tenants whose claims to land were not well documented

pros to charles' attempt to make money from crown lands during his personal rule

debt decreased to £1million

income exceeded expenditure

king was finally able to balance the books

cons to charles' attempt to make money from crown lands during his personal rule

lessened crown finance in the long term

charles had already sold £600,000 worth

how was ship money allowed

seen as an emergency tax so wasnt going against petition of right

how much did ship money raise 1635-38

£200,000 per year

equal to 3 subsidies

who were affected by ship money tax

people who usually were not liable for taxation like those who didnt llive near the coast

why was ship money unpopualr

seemed unwarranted and there was no precedent for it being a permanent tax

how many ships were built per year due to the ship money tax

2

where did charles sepnd his money

enthusiastic patron of the arts

5 children

refurbished queens quarters

who was richard montagu

bishop of chichester

his promotion caused arguments as he was an arminian