Mods 26-30

memory

persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

encoding

processing of information into the memory system by extracting meaning

storage

retention of encoded information over time

retrieval

process of getting information out of memory storage

connectionism

views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks

sensory memory

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

short-term (working) memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as a phone number, before the information is stored and forgotten

long-term memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

working capacity

differs among people. a new understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, an of info retrieved from long term memory

how do we encode?

process external stimuli consciously in our sensory memory. events we attend are encoded into our working memory but the important parts is long term

automatically processing

unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned info such as words meanings

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

rehearsal

conscious repetition of indo, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode for storage

simple beginning principle

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning— over-learning increases retention

spacing effect

tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study

massed practice

produce speedy short-term learning and confidence

distrubuted study time

produces better long term recall

testing effect

testing improve learning

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first of a list

recency effect

last items are still in working memory

primary effect

after shifting from last items, recall better for first

visual encoding

encoding of picture images

acoustic encoding

encoding of sound, sound of words

semantic encoding

encoding of meaning, meaning of words

visual imagery

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding and organized devices

mnemoics

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organized devices

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be heard

long-term potentiation

an increase in asyhapes firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning

mild cognitive impairment becomes ___

alzehimers

glutamate

neurotransmitter that enhances synaptic communication

emotion-triggered stress hormones make ____energy avaliable

glucose

aamygdala

two emtotion-rpocessing clusters in the limbic system that boosts activity and avaliable proteins

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

stress can act like an ___, corroding connections and shrinking the hippocampus

amnesia

loss of memory— learn things, but no awareness of it

anterograde amnesia

can't make new memoriess

implicit memory (non-declarative)

retention independnet of concious recollection

explicit memory (declarative)

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

hippocampus

neural center that is located in the limbic system. helps process explicit memories for storage

cerebellum

brain region extending out from the rear of the brainstem, plays key role in forming/storing implicit memories

recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned early, as on a fill in the blank

recognition

measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, like a MC test

relearning

measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a secon time

primingg

activation, unconciously, of particular assoications in memory

retrieval cues

mood, position, etc

deja vu

eerie sense that you’ve experienced this before. cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

state-dependent memory

what we learn in one state might be easily recalled in another

mood-congruent memory

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood

absent mindedness

inattention to details leads to encoding failure

transience

storage decay over time

blocking

inaccessibility of stored information

misattribution

confusing source of info

suggestibility

lingering effects of misinformation

bias

belief-colored recollections

persistence

unwanted memories

what we fail to ___, we wont ____

encode, remember

proactive interference (forward acting)

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

retroactive interference (backward acting)

disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

positive transfer

old and new info compete with each other

repress

psychoanalytic theory, a basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading info into one memory of an event

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard, or imahined. false memories

memories under ___ are unreliable, so are ones recovered under ____

3, hypnosis