APUSH 1st Semester Review Terms

He set many precedents - established a cabinet, left after two terms.

George Washington

He packed the courts with Federalist judges after losing re-election.

John Adams

He was principal author of the Declaration of Independence and the 3rd President.

Thomas Jefferson

He is known as the "Father of the Constitution," wrote many of the Federalist Papers, and was the President during the War of 1812.

James Madison

He united the country in one political party during the time sometimes called the "Era of Good Feelings".

James Monroe

He drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty prior to being the sixth President.

John Quincy Adams

War of 1812 military hero who became President to support the common man.

Andrew Jackson

He advocated lower tariffs and free trade as the 8th President.

Martin Van Buren

He was a one-term President who added both the Oregon Territory and the Mexican Cession.

James K. Polk

He was President when gold fever brought tens of thousands to California.

Zachary Taylor

He was the 13th President and signed the Compromise of 1850.

Millard Fillmore

He passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act and signed the Gadsden Purchase.

Franklin Pierce

He changed his beliefs on Presidential power over slavery during the Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln

He was the President who set early Reconstruction policies.

Andrew Johnson

First permanent English colony founded by the Virginia Company of London.

Jamestown (1607)

Permanent English colony in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims and Strangers.

Plymouth

Massachusetts Puritan trials sentencing mostly older women.

Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)

Fourth war between Britain and France in 100 years- French loss meant they left the area west of the colonies.

French and Indian War

Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by the Committee of Five.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Organized the federal legal system; established Supreme Court and circuit courts.

Judiciary Act of 1789

American envoys sent to France asked to pay hefty fine just to have a meeting.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Supreme Court case establishing principle of judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Fought with Britain over issues of trade and impressment.

War of 1812

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine balanced as a free state.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Suspicion over the Election of 1824 after Henry Clay appointed Secretary of State.

Corrupt Bargain

Crisis caused by bank failures and Jackson's policies to end overspeculation.

Panic of 1837

President Polk negotiated with Britain for half of this land.

Oregon Cession

Inflow of thousands of miners to California after minerals discovery.

California Gold Rush (1849+)

Made a harsh Fugitive Slave Law but allowed California in as a free state.

Compromise of 1850

Issue of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty in last part of Louisiana Territory.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Supreme Court ruling that slaves were property and not able to be US citizens.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Declared slaves in rebelling states were freed; stopped Europe from helping South.

Emancipation Proclamation

Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth -- establish self-government.

Mayflower Compact

Conciliatory message to King George -- end of hostilities will resume loyalty.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Washington's last POTUS address which warned against permanent alliances.

Farewell Address (1796)

Purchased Louisiana territory from France; doubling the size of the U.S.A.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

President Monroe warned Europe to refrain from new territories in the Americas.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

1828 Tariff that had really high duties on imports -- hated by the South.

Tariff of Abominations

Forced march of Cherokee from Georgia/Alabama to Indian Territory.

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Resolved several northern border disputes between U.S.A. and Britain.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

These acts allowed the US to deport foreigners, made it harder for new immigrants to vote, and the ability to jail citizens who uttered "scandalous" things about the government.

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

Book that showed evils of slavery that was widely read in the North.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1859 attempt to start an armed revolt & destroy the institution of slavery.

John Brown's Raid - Harpers Ferry

Ancient native agriculture practice of growing maize, beans, and squash together.

Three Sisters Farming

Basic main reasons for European exploration (three).

God, Gold, and Glory

Transfer of goods, crops, & disease between Old & New Worlds after 1492.

Columbian Exchange

President Polk declared this war when Mexico attacked General Zachary Taylor just north of the Rio Grande River.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Multiple investors fund commercial enterprises. Used widely by English.

Joint-Stock Companies

Spanish policy to give Indian land to certain colonists to Christianize them.

Encomienda System

He exposed the oppression of the indigenous peoples by Europeans.

Bartolomé de las Casas

He argued indigenous peoples were pre-social men with no rights or property.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

They were full-blooded Spaniards born in Spain but lived in New Spain.

Peninsulares

Debate over treatment and rights of indigenous peoples.

Valladolid Debates (1550-1551)

Divided New World lands between Spain and Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

New England Puritan whose "City on a Hill" sermon established future idea of American exceptionalism.

John Winthrop

Spiritual leader who questioned Puritan teachings and was banished.

Anne Hutchinson

Allowed unconverted offspring of Puritans to baptize their children.

Halfway Covenant (1662)

Virginia representative parliamentary assembly to help govern themselves.

House of Burgesses

Get 50 acres of southern land if paid for an indentured servants/laborer's passage.

Headright System

Tolerant religious group who emphasized peace and idealistic Indian policies.

Quakers

Maryland passed this in 1649 - guaranteeing toleration for all Christians.

Act of Toleration

Colony founded by Roger Williams based on separation of church and state, complete religious toleration, and political democracy.

Rhode Island

Migrants who bound themselves for a length of service in exchange for passage.

Indentured Servants

Regulated colonial shipping; only English ships can trade to English colonies.

Navigation Acts

Virginia conflict between plantation elite and impoverished settlers.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Gathering of white property owners to discuss and vote on particular subjects.

New England Town Meeting

British consolidation of upper colonies which curbed popular assemblies and taxed.

Dominion of New England

Economic theory that links nations power to gold reserves.

Mercantilism

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade/weak enforcement of Navigation Acts.

Salutary Neglect (1688-1713)

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between colonies, Africa, and West Indies.

Triangular Trade

Series of conflicts between Puritans & Pequots in Connecticut River valley.

Pequot Wars (1636-1638)

Series of assaults that slowed westward migration of New England for decades.

King Philip's War (1675-1676)

Rebellion that drove Spanish settlers out of New Mexico for over a decade.

Pueblo Revolt

His "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon helped 1st Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

Religious revival with emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality.

First Great Awakening

Philosophical movement with an emphasis on rationalism.

Enlightenment

Religious doctrine emphasized reasoned moral behavior + scientific pursuits.

Deism

Enlightenment philosopher who wrote all men are born with natural rights.

John Locke

This allowed people to be considered property and to be bought, sold, and owned forever.

Chattel Slavery

South Carolina slave revolt attempting to reach Spanish Florida.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

A plan to place the British colonies under a more centralized government.

Albany Plan of Union

Ottawa Chief Pontiac campaign to drive British out of Ohio Valley.

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains -- increasing resentment.

Proclamation of 1763

First colonial duty on imported West Indies sugar.

Sugar Act (1764)

Tax on most colonial paper products - very unpopular.

Stamp Act (1765)

Revolutionary group protesting Stamp Act and more by letter writings and protests.

Sons of Liberty

Revolutionary group protesting Stamp Act and more by boycotts and homespun.

Daughters of Liberty

Argued the Townshend Acts were illegal because they intended to raise revenue.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Clash between unruly Boston protesters and local British redcoats - killed 11.

Boston Massacre

Colonist protest against British East India Company monopoly on tea trade.

Boston Tea Party

Punitive measures including closing Boston Port - revoking Massachusetts Charter, etc.

Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts

First battles of the Revolutionary War fought outside of Boston - militia successful.

Lexington and Concord (1775)

Functioned as de facto government during the Revolutionary War.

Second Continental Congress

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging colonies to declare independence.

Common Sense (1776)

Wrote a letter asking the Committee of Five to "Remember the Ladies" in the Declaration of Independence.

Abigail Adams

He taught Revolutionary soldiers to march, bayonet, and execute orders.

Baron von Steuben

He was a French military officer that helped in the American Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette

Sovereign people of a territory should decide whether to allow slavery.

Popular Sovereignty