TFN

Theory

a standardized system of

accepted knowledge composed of

concepts, propositions, definitions, and

assumptions intended to explain facts,

events, or phenomena.

Nursing Theory

It is the term given to

the body of knowledge that supports the

nursing practice.

American Nursing Association defining what is nursing

"Nursing is identifying an illness or disease and treatment of human responses, which could

either be actual or potential health problems."

International Council of Nurses defining what is nursing

"Nursing is an encircling autonomy and collaboration of care from various people of all ages,

families, groups, communities, or societies,those who are sick and well in all settings. Nursing

also includes health promotion, prevention of illness, and the ill, disabled, and dying people's

care."

Virginia Henderson defines Nursing as

"assisting clients in the performance of activities

contributing to health, its recovery or peaceful death that clients will perform unaided if they

have the necessary will,strength or knowledge."

Philippine Nurses Act of 2002 defining what is nursing

"Nursing is the initiation and performance of nursing services, singly or in collaboration with

another to individuals, families, communities, and any health care setting."

As stated by the Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN) defines Nursing as

"a dynamic discipline." It is an art and science of caring for individuals, families, groups, and communities geared toward promoting and restoring health, preventing illness,

alleviating suffering, and assisting clients in facing death with dignity and peace.

Descriptive theories

Also known as Factor-isolating Theories. Identify and describe the central concepts of phenomena.

Explanatory Theories

Also known as Factor-Relating Theories. The present relationship between concepts and propositions.(Cause and effect relationship are well explained)

Predictive theories

They are otherwise known as Situation-Relating Theories. Relationships of concepts can

describe future outcomes consistently. (Use of experimental research)

Prescriptive Theories

Also known as Situation-ProducingTheories. Deals with nursing action, test the validity and

certainty of specific nursing intervention.

Philosophy in Nursing

It is the next knowledge level after the metaparadigm.

It sets forth the meaning of phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical argument.

Concepts

idea or mental picture of a

group or class of objects formed by

combining all their aspects. It could

either be empirical or abstract in

particular phenomena.

Abstract concepts

- are indirectly observed concepts that are independent of time and place.

Concrete concepts

- are directly observed or tangible concepts.

Conceptual definition

- is the meaning of a word based on how relevant literature perceives it.

Operational definition

defines a concept based on the method of how it was measured by the person who came up with that perception.

THEORETICAL MODELS OR FRAMEWORKS

are a ready-made map for the study that is

testable in the literature.

CONCEPTUAL MODELS OR FRAMEWORKS

are concepts representing a body of knowledge based on a researcher's perception of a particular phenomenon.

4 METAPARADIGM IN NURSING

1. Person

2. Health

3. Environment

4. Nursing

Person

- is the one who receives care provided

by the nurse.

- this may include the family and

community of the patient.

Environment

It includes internal and external factors

that would affect the patient's health,

such as genetics, cultures, interpersonal

relationships, education, economics, etc.

Health

It pertains to the patient's state of

wellness, particularly the physical,

emotional, psychological,social, and

spiritual being of a person.

Nursing

- It pertains to the art and science of

nursing. Science as a body of knowledge

and art as an application of this

knowledge.

- Nursing relates to the nurse's

application of their knowledge and skills

in the aspect of nursing care.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY

• Theories can correlate concepts in such a way as to generate a different way of looking

at a certain fact of phenomenon

• Theories must be logical in nature.

• Theories should be simple but generally broad in nature.

• Theories can be the source of hypotheses that can be tested for it to be elaborated.

• Theories can be used by practitioners to direct and enhance their practice.

• Theories must be consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles but will

leave issues that need to be tested open.

• Theories contribute to enriching the general body of knowledge through the studies

implemented to validate them.

THE (4)FOURWAYS OF KNOWING

• Empirical Knowing

• Aesthetic Knowing

• Ethical Knowing

• Personal Knowing

Empirical Knowing

- It refers to the factual and scientific

discipline of nursing.

- Expanding the theoretical profession of

Nursing as its goal.

Aesthetic Knowing

Ø Understanding the uniqueness of every

patient will give an idea to the nurse

how to use flexible styles of nursing care

to adapt the demands of care.

Ø A nurse must handle a phenomenon

particular to patients such as attitudes,

emotions, feelings and their perception.

Ethical Knowing

Ø Involves moral decisions of what is right

or wrong in relation to nursing.

Ø Decision making by nurses which is

under the law of ethics and

professionalism.

Personal Knowing

Ø Improve the interpersonal relationship

of a patient and nurse using self-

awareness.

Ø Perception of self in relation to others

and to self.

According to the American Nursing Association (ANA), Nursing is the?

"diagnosis and treatment of human

responses to actual or potential health

problems."

International Council of Nurses

"Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing also includes health promotion, prevention of illness, and the

care of the ill, disabled, and dying people."

Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN)

Nursing is "a dynamic discipline. It is an art and

science of caring for individuals, families, groups, and communities geared toward promoting and restoration of health, preventing illness, alleviating suffering, and assisting clients in facing death with dignity and peace".

Philippine Nurses Act of 2002

Nursing is the initiation and performance of

nursing services, singly or in collaboration with

another, to individuals, families, communities,

and any health care setting.

What is Nursing according to Herdenson?

Nursing is to "assist clients in the performance of activities contributing to health, its recovery or peaceful death that clients will perform unaided if they have the necessary will, strength or knowledge.

Descriptive Theories Predictive Theories

Also known as Factor-isolating Theories.

Identify and describe the central concepts of

phenomena.

They are otherwise known as

Situation-Relating Theories.

Relationships of concepts can describe future outcomes consistently. (Use of experimental research)

Explanatory Theories Prescriptive Theories

Also known as Factor-Relating Theories.

Present relationship among concepts and

propositions. (Cause and effect relationship

are well explained)

Also known as Situation-Producing Theories.

Deal with nursing action, test the validity and

certainty of a specific nursing intervention.

Descriptive research is to?

determine the percentage of patients

receiving intravenous (IV) therapy who experience IV

Infiltration.

a.k.a factor-relating theories

A research study about the factors affecting the quality of

life of pregnant women.

a.k.a situation-relating theories

A theoretical model based on the

observation of the effects of unsanitary

environmental condition on the recovery

of post-operative patients

Prescriptive Theories

a.k.a. situation-producing theories

Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort validates and explains the different nursing interventions in an acute care hospital in relieving anxiety among patients.

Philosophy of Nursing

It is the next knowledge level after the metaparadigm.

It sets forth the meaning of phenomena

through analysis, reasoning, and logical argument.

Abstract and Concrete

These are the building blocks of theories that

could either be empirical or abstract in particular

Phenomena.

ABSTRACT

Vascular Disease

Transport Wheelchair

Loss of Relationship

CONCRETE

Vascular Disease

Stroke

Divorce

Conceptual definition

is the meaning of a word based on how relevant

literature perceives it.

Operational definition

is the meaning of a concept based on the method of how it was measured by the person who came up with that perception.

Conceptual(example in PHYSICAL ACTIVITY)

Physical activity is a bodily movement that

requires energy with the aid of the skeletal

muscles.

Operational(example in PHYSICAL ACTIVITY)

Physical activity is the frequency of activity

in terms of being mild, moderate, and

Intense.

CONCEPTUAL MODELS OR FRAMEWORKS

are concepts representing a body of knowledge based on a

researcher's perception of a particular phenomenon.

Theoretical

THEORETICAL MODELS OR FRAMEWORKS

are a ready-made map for the study that is testable in the

Literature.

Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910)

Ø History of professional nursing started with

her; known as "Lady with the lamp".

Ø Cared for the wounded soldiers during the

Crimean war.

Ø Her pioneering activities and profound

writings became the basis of establishing

nursing schools and hospitals.

Ø 1800's Nightingale's recognition of nursing

knowledge as distinct to medical

Knowledge

Curriculum Era (1900-1940s)

Ø Established a standardized curriculum as

to what content the nurses should study.

Ø Course selecting and nursing programs

integrated into colleges and universities.

Research Era (1950-1970s)

Ø Known as the scientific age; the path of

new nursing knowledge

Ø Nursing Research integrated into the

nursing curriculum

Ø The necessity to enrich theory

development due to lacking conceptual

and theoretical frameworks of nursing

works.

Graduate Era (1950-1970s)

Ø A Master's degree program was

established.

Ø Progression in the theory development

process

Ø Evolution of a specialized body of

knowledge to enhance nursing care done

by nursing professionals and researchers

Theory Era (1980-1990s)

Ø A combination of research and the graduate era

Ø Theory Era as a natural development.

Ø Research and theory produce nursing science.

Ø Classifying metaparadigm concepts in nursing were established by J. Fawcett - Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing.

Theory Utilization Era (21st Century

Ø Focus on theory application in the areas

of Education, Practice, and Research and

Administration. (Middle Range Theory)

Ø This shift in focus is vital for the

development of theory-based nursing and

evidenced-based practice that would

serve as a basis for critical judgment and

decision making

Significance for the Discipline

Ø Baccalaureate and master's programs in nursing increase in number

Ø Nursing theoretical works were published to improve nursing practice and quality care

Ø Doctoral programs were beginning to open, discussing the nature of nursing science

Ø Fawcett's works recognize other nursing theorists' conceptual framework and definitions of their

metaparadigm concepts

Discipline

refers to academia; particularly to the branch of education

Major significance

"The discipline is dependent upon theory."

Significance for the Profession

Guided by a criteria for a profession, i.e. recognized as a nursing profession.

Utilizes in its practice a ___________and ___________body of specialized knowledge that is on the intellectual level of higher learning.

well-defined, well-organized

Constantly enlarges the body of __________ it uses and improves its techniques of ___________ and ___________ by using the______________.

knowledge, education, service, scientific method

Entrusts the education of its practitioners to ___________of higher education.

institutions

Applies its body of knowledge in practical services that are vital to _________

and _________________.

human, social welfare.

Functions _________________ in the formulation of _______________________ and in

the control of professional activity thereby.

autonomously, professional policy

Attracts ________________of intellectual and personal qualities that exalt service

above personal gain and who recognizes their chosen occupation as a _____________.

individuals, life work.

______________to compensate its practitioners by providing____________________, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.

Strives, freedom of action

Metaparadigm

Is the broad conceptual boundaries of nursing knowledge, human beings, health,

nursing and environment (Fawcett, 1984)

Philosophy

Sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation. (Alligood, 2014)

Conceptual Models

Set of concepts that address phenomena central to nursing in propositions that explain relationships among them. (Fawcett & DeSanto-Madeya, 2013)

Grand Theory

Concepts that derive from a conceptual model and propose a testable proposition that tests the major premise of the model.

Nursing Theory

Testable propositions from philosophies, conceptual models, grand theorise, abstract nursing theories or theories from other disciplines. Theories are less abstract than

grand theory and less specific than middle-range theory.

Middle Range Theory

Concepts most specific to practice that propose precies testable nursing practice questions and other details (ex. patient's age group, family situation, etc.)

It is said that the relationships of __________, practice,

and research are cyclical and reciprocal. The

association helps in enhancing the specialized body

of knowledge in the preparation of nursing. It practically

means that approach is the basis for ______________a nursing

theory, whereas the nursing theory must be

_____________and __________ in practice.

theory, preparation of nursing, developing, practiced, validated

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY

Hildegard Peplau

HILDEGARD PEPLAU (1909 - 1999)

"Psychiatric nurse of the Century" OR "Mother of Psychiatric Nurse"

-Bachelor of Arts in Interpersonal Psychology, Master of Arts in Psychiatric Nursing, and Doctor of Education in Curriculum Development.

First book published in 1952(PEPLAU)

"Interpersonal Relations in Nursing"

Theoretical Sources(PEPLAU)

Ø Experiences with professionals in the

areas of psychiatry, medication,

education, and sociology

Ø Influenced by Maslow, Freud, and

Sullivan's interpersonal relationship

theories and other psychoanalytical

models

Metaparadigms in Nursing(PEPLAU)

- Person

- Health

- Environment

- Nursing

Person(PEPLAU)

Is defined as a being who is an organism that thrives in an unstable balance of a given system.

Health(PEPLAU)

Reflects the flow of the

personality and other human processes

that leads a human being in a way that is

creative, constructive, productive

community, and society.

Environment(PEPLAU)

refers to the external

forces that influence a being and socially

define a way of living in which human

social processes are achieved, such as

norms, customs, and beliefs.

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY

Peplau identified 4 phases of nurse- patient relationship -Orientation, Identification, Exploitation, and Resolution.

Nursing(PEPLAU)

is defined as an essential, therapeutic nurse-patient relationship.

Orientation

The initial interaction of the nurse and the patient; the patient expresses a need for assistance from the nurse.

Identification

A feeling of relatedness takes place as the patient and the nurse explores the experience and the needs of the patient.

Exploitation

The patient values the relationship and moves on from a dependent role to an independent role. New goals are planned by the nurse, but these goals would be achieved through the patient's effort as an independe being.

Resolution

The patient learns to be independent, and it is where the relationship ends between the patient and the nurse. It leaves a lasting impression on the patient as it values the unique human experience of the nurse-patient relationship.

Another concept Peplau will introduce is Nursing Roles.

- Role of a stranger

- Role of a resource person

- Teaching Roles

- Leadership Role

Role of a stranger

In their initial contacts, the nurse and the patients are strangers to one another. Attempts to know the patient better Treat him with utmost courtesy (acceptance of the patient as a person and due respect into his individuality) Thus roles coincidence with the Identification Phase

Role of a resource person

Patient assumes a dependent role. Role of a resource person Nurse provision specific answers to his queries (health information's. advice, and a simple explanation) It is the responsibility to appropriately responses to the pal. understanding.

Teaching Roles

- Teaching roles about the importance of self-care and helping the patient to understand the therapeutic plan.

- In assuming this role, the nurse must perceive the patient's understanding of the subject at hand. The nurse must develop a plan according to the patient's interest and his ability to use such information needed for the plan.

Leadership Role

The patient is still able to decide regarding his plan of care, even though the patient is dependent upon the care of the healthcare team.

14 Basic Human Needs Theory

VIRGINIA HENDERSON

VIRGINIA HENDERSON

Known as the "First Lady of Nursing" and

the "First Truly International Nurse."

"Henderson was to the 20th century as Nightingale was to the 19th century."

Her vision(HENDERSON)

is "practice of nursing as

independent from the practice of

physicians"

"The_____________ of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its_____________ (or to peaceful death) that he would perform ___________ if he had the necessary ______________, will, knowledge; and to do this in such a way as to help him gain _______________ as rapidly as possible."-Virginia Henderson

unique function, recovery, unaided, strength, independence