Musculoskeletal System

What gives the body shape and structure?

Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

To move the body and the bones protect organs.

What do joints connect?

Two bones

Ball and socket joint

Allow free movement,

Hinge joints

Permit back and forth movement in one direction only

Synovial joint

Allow movement

What do tendons connect?

Muscle and bone

What are the functions of muscles?

Provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and produce body heat

What is arhritis?

A general term that refers to inflammation of the joints

What does arthritis cause?

Stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility

What are the causes of arthritis?

Aging, injury, or an autoimmune illness

What does an autoimmune illness cause?

The body’s immune system to attack normal tissue in the body

What are two common types of arthritis?

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

What are other names for Osteoarthritis (OA)?

Degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease (DJD)

What is osteoarthrisis?

A common type of arthritis that often afects elerly people

How does osteoarthritis occur?

Aging or as a result of joint injury

What joints does osteoarthritis affect?

Usually weight-bearing joints (hips/knees), joints in the fingers, thumbs, and spine can also be affected

What increases the pain and stiffness in osteoarthritis?

Cold, damp weather

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

AN autoimmune illness that can affect people of any age.

What are symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Discolor, swollen, pain, deformities that eventually restrict movement, fever, fatigue, and weight loss

In what order does rheumatoid arthritis affect the joints?

Smaller joints first, progresses to larger ones

What does inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis affect?

Heart, lungs, eyes, kidneys, and skin

How is arthritis treated?

Anti-inflammatory medication (aspirin/ibuprofen/etc.),, heat, motion exercises, exercise routine, diet

What is osteoporosis?

A condition in which bones loose density, which makes them easier to break

How is osteoporosis caused??

Lack of calcium, loss of estrogen after menopause, lack of exercise, reduced mobility, age, or a combination of these

What is menopause?

The end of menstruation (no period for 12 months)

What are signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

Low back pain, stooped posture, becoming shorter over time, fractures

How is osteoporosis treated?

Exercise, medication, supplements

What should HHAs do for patients with osteoporosis?

Encourage to exercise, and watch them carefully since they fall easier and harder

What does Muscular Dystrophy refer to?

Refers to a number of progressive diseases that cause physical disabilities due to muscle weakness

What is muscular dystrophy?

An inherited disease that causes a gradual wasting away of muscle, weakness and deformity

What does muscular dystrophy look like?

Impaired hand muscles, twitchign arm and hand muscles, legs might be weak and stiff, may be in a wheel chair.

When do you first see muscular dystrophy?

Most forms of MD are present at birth or become apparent during childhood. Many form sof MD are slow to progress.

Up to when can people with muscular dystrophy live?

People with muscular dystrophy can live to middle or even late adulthood

How is muscular dystrophy treated?

Medications, physcial and occupational therapy, surgery,

What do HHAs do for patients with muscular dystrophy?

elp with activities of daily living and a range of motion exercises. Help with skincare and positioning may needed in the more advanced stages

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A progressive disease that causes muscle atrophy (weakening or wasting away) that eventually leads to death

What disease is associated with Lou Gehrig?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

What age can someone be diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Any age

What is the average time a person lives with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Between 2 and years, though some people can live longer

What are the physical disabilities started by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Muscles weakness in the limbs or throat that progress even worse

What treatments will result from physical disabilities caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Help breathing and fed with the assistance of ventilators and tubes

How is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treated?

Medications, physical/occupational/speech/respiratory therapy, nutritional support

What is amputaton?

The surgical removal of some or all of body part, often an arm, hand, leg or foot

Why might an amputation be required?

Injury or disease

What may replace the amputated body part?

A prosthetic device, or prothesis

What might prosthetic devices improve?

A person’s ability to function and/or improve appearance

What is a phantom sensation?

When a person feels that the body part is still there. The person may experience warmth, tingling, or itching in the area where the limb existed

What is phantom limb sensation?

Occurs when the person feels pain in a limb (or extremity) that has been amputated

How long does phantom limb pain persist?

Short time or for several years

What is a possible causes of phantom limb pain?

Remaining damaged nerve endings, and should not be ignored

How is phantom limb pain treated?

Medication or physical therapy

Where are the hinge joints?

elbows and knees

Where are ball-and-socket joints?

Shoulder and pelvis

What are joints made out of?

Cartilage, joint capsule, and synovium

What is cartilage (joints)?

A hard coating on the ends of the bones that allow bones of the joint to slide smoothly over each other

What are joint capsules?

The tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts

What is synovium?

A thin membrane that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints and nourishes. the cartilages

What are musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)?

Injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, or cartilage and disorders of the nerves, tendons, or muscles

What are the physical causes of musculoskeletal disorders?

Sudden exertion or prolonged exposure to physical factors such as repetition, force, or vibration.

What are the injuries/disorders that aren’t included as musculoskeletal disorders?

Conditions such as fractures, contusions, and cuts resulting from sudden physical contact of the body with external objects.

What is a sprain?

A partial tear of muscle, tendon, or ligament usually involving damage to blood vessels and nerves

What might the area of. sprain look like?

May appear swollen, black and blue, with sharp intermittent intermittent pain that increases due to movement

What are the causes to sprain?

Usually due to trauma to a joint, such as falling down steps when wearing high heels or getting one’s foot caught in a door

How are sprains treated?

Immobilizing the joint with an elastic bandage, elevating the extremity, applying ice, and prescribing rest for the client

How long does it take for sprains to heal?

Depending on the severity of the sprain, it will generally take 3-6 weeks or longer to heal

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of a bursa, which is an enclosed sac containing fluid, which is found between muscles and tendons

What joints are most affected with bursitis?

Shoulder, elbow (sometimes referred to as tennis elbow), the knee (sometimes referred to as housemaid’s knee)

What might the client complain of if they have bursitis?

Tenderness, swelling, pain, and limitation of movement at the site

How is bursitis treated?

Varies. but generally consists of rest, painkillers, application of moist heat, and injection of steroids to the affected joint

What is a fracture?

A break in a bone

What is a closed fracture?

A break in the bone but not in the skin

What is an open fracture?

A break in the skin where microorganisms can easily enter

How are fractures treated?

Usually with surgery, cast application, and/or traction

How long does it take for the bones to heal?

At least 6 weeks for a younger adult, and a little longer for an adult

Which sex is more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis?

Women

What age does arthritis affect?

Generally affects people between the ages of 20 and 45, but it is also seen in younger children and older adults

What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?

THe immune system attacks joints and inflames the. synovium, causing swelling, redness, and pain

Rheumatoid arthritis affects both sides of the body. This is called..?

Symmetrical swelling

What does rheumatoid arthritis occasionally cause problems with?

Muscles, skin, blood vessels, nerves, and eyes

What part of the day is worst for patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

The morning because after a long period of inactivity, because at these times the pain increases and the stiffness is greater

What is another term for osteoarthritis?

“wear-and-tear” arthritis

What is gout?

A form of arthritis that affects mainly men over the age of 40

What is the cause of gout?

Too much uric acid in the client’s system

What is the first sign of gout?

Painful big toe

Why can gout affect the foot, ankle, and wrists?

These areas of the body have tophi

What are tophi?

Little out pouches or protruding lesions that contain abnormal mounts of uric acid

If a client with arthritis is underweight, the diet will need to be

High in calories and protein

If a client with arthritis is overweight,

The diet will need to be low in calories

If a client with arthritis (gout), the diet will have to be

low-purine

Arthritis exercises are done how many times a day?

three (tid) to four (qid) times a day, with medication a half hour before the exercises are started What

What is the largest group of drugs used to treat arthritis?

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

What are examples of over the counter NSAIDSs?

Ibuprofen and naproxen. Some types of NSAIDs are available only by perscription.

What is a side effect of oral NSAIDs?

Stomach problemsN

What are other forms of NSAIDs that aren’t oral?

Creams or Gels

What are another group of drugs that aren’t NSAIDs that can reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system?

Corticosteroids, ex: prednisone and cortisone (oral/injection)

What are the newer drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Remicade (infliximab), Enbrel (etanercept), Trexall (methotrexate), and Plaquenil (hydrochloroquine) (all injection)

What are the side effects of newer drugs used to treat arthritis?

Black stool, bloody urine, ringing in the ears, skin bruises

How are new drugs used to treat arthritis?

Slow inflammation via the immune system

What are drugs used to treat arthritis pain but not inflammation?

Tylenol (aceminophen), Ultram (tramadol), and narcotics such as Percocet and Vicodin