Philosophy and Ethics in Ancient Greece

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on Ancient Greek philosophy, focusing on the Sophists, Socrates, and the nature of ethics and rhetoric.

What was the main focus of philosophers prior to the Sophists?

They were primarily interested in cosmology.

How did the Sophists change the course of philosophy?

They shifted the focus to human life, civilization, and ethics.

What negative connotation does 'cult' have in modern times?

It refers to a fringe or dangerous religious group characterized by extreme devotion, charismatic leadership, and social isolation.

What did the term 'cult' refer to in 5th-century BC Greece?

It referred to formalized religious practices, rituals, and devotions dedicated to a particular deity.

How were cults seen in Ancient Greece compared to modern perspectives?

Cults were considered mainstream and integrated into civic life, whereas modern cults are often seen as deviant and secretive.

What is 'arête'?

It translates to 'excellence' or 'virtue' and refers to mastering one's affairs and providing leadership.

What did the Sophists primarily teach?

They taught rhetoric, the principles and practice of persuasive speaking.

What does a Sophist mean by 'how to make the weaker argument the stronger'?

They focus on the skill of persuasion to present arguments effectively, regardless of their inherent strength.

What is skepticism?

It is a philosophical attitude of doubt towards knowledge and beliefs.

What is the definition of an agnostic?

A person who holds the view that any ultimate reality is unknown and probably unknowable.

What is the difference between 'physis' and 'nomos'?

Physis refers to nature and natural phenomena, while nomos refers to customs and conventions established by humans.

Who was Protagoras?

An influential Sophist who believed that truth and moral judgments are subjective.

How did Socrates differ from the Sophists?

He did not take money, did not 'teach' in the same way, and cared about truth over mere rhetoric.

What is dialectic according to Socrates?

It's a method of dialogue involving questions and answers aimed at improving opinions and seeking truth.

What is dogmatism?

It is holding beliefs without adequate reasons and being resistant to change those beliefs.

How do Socrates’ views on ethics differ from those of the Sophists?

Socrates believed in objective moral truths, while the Sophists argued that ethics are relative to social norms.

What does Socrates mean by 'the life which is unexamined is not worth living'?

It emphasizes the importance of questioning and understanding one's moral beliefs to live a good life.