Comprehensive Overview of Philippine Science, Technology, and Historical Innovations

What factors contributed to the development of science and technology?

Basic needs and survival, improving quality of life, problem-solving, curiosity and exploration, economic and political needs, and social and cultural influences.

What weapons were dominant among powerful tribes in ancient times?

Swords, shields, bows, and arrows, which later evolved into gunpowder weapons.

What structures are symbols of civilization identity built by ancient civilizations?

Ziggurats, pyramids, and aqueducts.

How did ancient structures compare to modern ones?

Ancient structures often outlast modern ones.

What role did diseases play in the development of medicine?

Diseases led to the discovery of treatments and prevention methods, laying the groundwork for modern pharmacology and medicine.

What significant inventions did the Sumerians contribute to civilization?

Cuneiform writing, the wheel, the plow, irrigation systems, and ziggurats.

What are some notable contributions of the Egyptians to technology?

Pyramids, hieroglyphics, papyrus, cosmetics, and the water clock.

What advancements did the Greeks make in ancient times?

Socratic philosophy, architectural columns, the alarm clock, and the water mill.

What innovations are attributed to the Romans?

Roads, aqueducts, concrete, Roman numerals, and the newspaper (Gazette).

What key inventions did the Chinese civilization contribute?

Paper, silk, the Great Wall, gunpowder, and the compass.

What was the primary use of transportation during the Medieval Ages?

Exploration, food search, trade, and resettlement.

How did navigation techniques evolve during the Medieval Ages?

Navigation relied on stars, the sun, and landmarks for exploration of seas and territories.

What communication methods were used in ancient times?

Cave paintings, smoke signals, symbols, carrier pigeons, and the telegraph.

What was the significance of record-keeping during the Medieval Ages?

It documented trade, preserved history, and passed down culture.

What technological advancements were spurred by the Crusades?

The Crusades encouraged East-West knowledge exchange and the preservation of knowledge.

What was the impact of the printing press invented by Gutenberg?

It significantly impacted communication and information-sharing.

What is the significance of the Ifugao Rice Terraces?

They represent advanced agricultural techniques and knowledge in rice cultivation.

What invention by Louis Pasteur improved health and food preservation?

Pasteurization, which kills bacteria in milk for longer shelf life.

How did the telephone, invented by Alexander Graham Bell, change communication?

It connected people instantly, further improving communication.

What was the role of the spinning wheel in the Medieval Ages?

It allowed faster yarn production, leading to the rise of the textile industry.

What was the effect of urbanization on health and sanitation in the modern age?

Health and sanitation became urgent issues due to increased population density.

What invention revolutionized navigation and long-distance sea trade?

The compass.

How did gunpowder change warfare?

It shifted warfare from castle sieges to artillery battles.

What ancient irrigation system was used by the Ifugao in Luzon?

An ingenious irrigation system that collected water from mountaintop forests.

What recognition did the Ifugao rice terraces receive?

Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

What was the Pascaline and its significance?

The Pascaline, created by Blaise Pascal, is considered the foundation of digital computing.

What role did the steam engine play during the Industrial Revolution?

It provided power for factories, trains, and ships.

How did electricity and the light bulb impact society?

They powered cities, industries, and homes.

What medical advancements helped control infectious diseases?

Vaccines and antibiotics.

What transportation innovations contributed to global connectivity?

Automobiles and airplanes.

What technological advancements characterize the Information Age?

Computers and the Internet, enabling instant global communication.

What are some key achievements in space exploration?

Development of satellites, space travel, and global positioning (GPS).

What is the significance of nuclear energy?

It serves as a new energy source with both beneficial and destructive power.

What is the Bul-ul in Ifugao culture?

A carved wooden figure placed in rice granaries as a guardian of the harvest.

What does the Hagabi symbolize in Ifugao society?

Wealth, power, and prestige.

What is the purpose of the Palayok?

An earthen pot used for cooking and food storage.

What is the Manunggul Jar and its historical significance?

A secondary burial jar found in Tabon Caves, symbolizing the journey to the afterlife.

What materials were used in traditional Filipino jewelry?

Gold, shells, and precious stones, often worn by datus, rajas, and sultans.

What is the Boaya Necklace and its cultural significance?

A necklace made from tusks, shells, and bone, worn by successful headhunters.

What is the process of weaving in Filipino culture?

Interlacing threads to make cloth, producing items like malong and woven textiles.

What was the impact of agriculture and industry on the Philippines?

Promoted cash crops for trade and improved irrigation methods.

What is the Balangay and its historical importance?

The first wooden watercraft excavated in Southeast Asia, unique to the Philippines.

What was the Manila Observatory and its focus?

Founded in 1865 by Jesuits, it is one of Asia's oldest observatories focused on meteorology, astronomy, and seismology.

What are some written forms of Filipino literature?

Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocano epic) and Indarapatra at Sulayman (Muslim epic).

What are examples of oral traditions in Filipino culture?

Sabi (proverbs), Bugtong (riddles), and various songs like Talindaw (boat song) and Kumintang (war song).

What architectural styles were prominent during the Spanish colonial period?

Stone churches, bridges, forts, and watchtowers.

What influence did the Americans have during their colonial period in the Philippines?

They emphasized public education, health, and democratic ideals, marking a major turning point in Philippine science and technology.

What were the main reasons for Spain's colonization of the Philippines?

Religion (Christianization), politics, and trade.

What was the primary purpose of parish schools established in the Philippines?

To teach religion, reading, writing, and arithmetic.

When was the University of Santo Tomas established?

1611

What significant education act was passed in 1901 in the Philippines?

Act No. 74, which established a public school system.

What was the significance of the Thomasites in Philippine education?

They were American teachers who introduced modern teaching methods.

What language became the medium of instruction in Philippine schools during the American period?

English.

When was the University of the Philippines founded and what is its role?

Founded in 1908, it is the premier state university promoting science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine.

What are the main research focuses mentioned in the notes?

Medicine, tropical diseases, agriculture, and natural resources.

What is banana ketchup made of, and who invented it?

Made of mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and spices; invented by Maria Orosa during WWII.

What is the Mole Remover and when was it developed?

A safe, scar-free treatment extracted from cashew nuts, developed in 2000.

What is the Anti-Cancer Cream 'DeBCC' used for and when was it created?

It is used for basal cell carcinoma and won international awards in 2005.

Who is Diosdado Banatao and what is his contribution to technology?

He invented the first single-chip graphics accelerator, making computers faster and enabling graphical user interfaces.

What health campaigns were initiated in the Philippines?

Vaccination, sanitation, and hygiene campaigns.

What tropical diseases were targeted for control in the Philippines?

Cholera, malaria, and smallpox.

What is the purpose of the Rescue 72 backpack designed by Danvic Briones?

It is designed for survival in disasters, containing compartments for first aid, water, snacks, and emergency supplies.

What is the E-Jeepney and what are its environmental benefits?

An electric jeepney that runs on electricity instead of diesel, reducing smoke and noise pollution.

What was the impact of World War II on Philippine education and infrastructure?

It caused massive destruction of infrastructure, schools, and research institutions, while the Japanese promoted their ideology through education and propaganda.

What was the Philippine-Japanese War Reparations Agreement of 1956?

Japan paid ₱8 billion in reparations, provided as capital goods, services, and training programs for national rehabilitation.

Who was Fe del Mundo and what was her invention?

A medical incubator made from laundry baskets and hot water bottles, helping regulate infant temperature in rural areas without electricity.

What are the main points of evolution by natural selection as proposed by Charles Darwin?

1. All life is interconnected. 2. Organisms inherit traits that aid survival and reproduction. 3. Over time, species adapt and diverge.

What was the Scientific Revolution and its significance?

A 17th-century period of enlightenment in various sciences that transformed views on science, technology, and human behavior.

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace and what was his contribution to evolutionary theory?

He independently reached similar conclusions to Darwin about evolution and collaborated with him.

What is the key idea of the Freudian Revolution?

Psychoanalysis explains human behavior through unconscious processes.

What was the Copernican Revolution?

A shift from an Earth-centered (geocentric) to a Sun-centered (heliocentric) universe.

Who is Sigmund Freud and what is his significance?

The founder of psychoanalysis, emphasizing the role of the unconscious in human behavior.

Who is considered the founder of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

What model describes the mind as having conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels?

Iceberg Model of Mind

What is the Id in Freud's structure of personality?

The Id is the unconscious, pleasure-seeking, impulsive part of personality.

What role does the Ego play in Freud's structure of personality?

The Ego is the rational decision-maker that balances the Id and reality.

What is the Superego in Freud's structure of personality?

The Superego is the moral center that provides a sense of right and wrong, including feelings of guilt.

What is the Oedipus Complex?

The Oedipus Complex is a psychosexual stage where boys (ages 3-6) desire their mother and see their father as a rival.

What is the Electra Complex?

The Electra Complex is a psychosexual stage where girls desire their father and see their mother as a rival.

Who proposed the Geocentric Model of the universe?

Claudius Ptolemy.

What is the Heliocentric Model and who proposed it?

The Heliocentric Model, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, places the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

What significant work did Nicolaus Copernicus publish in 1543?

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.

What observations did Galileo Galilei make that supported heliocentrism?

Galileo's observations with a telescope provided strong evidence for the heliocentric model.

What was the impact of the Copernican Revolution on astronomy?

It paved the way for Kepler's laws and later advancements in astronomy.

What is the key idea of the Darwinian Revolution?

Evolution through Natural Selection.

Who is known as the 'Father of Evolution'?

Charles Darwin.

What was significant about Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle?

It included crucial observations in the Galapagos Islands that influenced his theories.

What is the purpose of the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC)?

To promote industrial and economic development via energy and ensure energy security.

What does RA 8792, the E-Commerce Act of 2000, regulate?

It legalizes and regulates electronic transactions, enabling secure online banking and digital payments.

What is the focus of RA 9513, the Renewable Energy Act of 2008?

To accelerate renewable energy development and provide incentives for research and development.

What does RA 10175, the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, define and punish?

Cybercrimes such as hacking, fraud, online libel, child exploitation, and cyberbullying.

What does RA 5207 regulate?

It regulates nuclear facilities and atomic energy use in the Philippines.

What is the purpose of RA 10612, the Fast-Tracked S&T Scholarship Act of 2013?

To expand scholarships in Science and Math.

What are the safety regulations required by RA 5207 for nuclear facilities?

Strict radiation protection and safety standards, including emergency preparedness plans.

What is the purpose of expanding scholarships in Science and Math?

To provide financial aid for Science and Technology students, including tuition, books, and stipends.

What does Presidential Decree No. 49 (1972) establish?

The creation of PAGASA, which is responsible for weather forecasts and typhoon tracking.

What is the role of the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) as established by RA 10844?

To serve as a national ICT agency focusing on expanding internet and broadband access, securing national ICT infrastructure, and promoting e-governance and digital inclusion.

What are the goals of the Fisheries & Aquaculture initiative?

To promote sustainable fishing and aquaculture, utilize technology to raise production, and conserve marine ecosystems.

What are the environmental goals mentioned in the Science and Technology Development Plans?

To implement anti-pollution and climate policies, expand renewable energy and green technology, and enhance environmental education.

What strategies are included in Natural Disaster Mitigation plans?

Comprehensive preparedness and response plans, early-warning systems, resilient infrastructure, and community education.