Biology 120- Labs: 1 and 2

Parts of a microscope:

Oculars, Interpupillary distance scale, binocular tube, revolving nosepiece, arm, objective lenses, coarse focus adjustment knob, fine focus adjustment knob, mechanical stage controls, light intensity control, light source, stage, slide holder, condenser and iris diaphragm assembly, iris diaphragm adjustment knob, power switch, power switch

Oculars

Interpupillary distance scale

Binocular tube

Revolving nosepiece

arm

Objective lenses

Stage

Slide holder

Condenser and iris diaphragm assembly

Iris diaphram adjustment lever

light source

light switch

light intensity control

mechanical stage controls

fine focus adjustment knob

coarse focus adjustment knob

Condenser adjustment knob

Prokaryotes

• often unicellular, some may form chains(called filaments)

• lack a membrane-bound nucleus instead it contains a nucleoid which contains the DNA.

• cell wall is made up of Polysaccarides or amino acids.

• DOES NOT contain membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryote types;

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic

• can be unicellular or multicellular

• contains a membrane-bound nucleus

• cel wall is made up of Cellulose for plants, Chitin for fungi, animals do not have a cell wall.

• Contains membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic types

Animals, protists, fungi, plants

Actual size of cell (or organism) is ‘what’ divided by ‘what’?

diameter of field of view of selected objective, Over, # of times the cell or organism can fit across the field of view.

calculating TPI

• Divide the selected genus to the total amount in the water sample. (frequency)

• then multiply the pollution index (given) to the frequency(calculating rTPI)

• add all the rTPI (relative total pollution index) to get the total polution index

ranges of pollution (TPI); high, probable, lower organic pollution.

high- 4-5

probable- 2-4

low- lower than 2

all living cells have four basic structural features:

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

The four different types of light microscopy plus the two special types of light microscopy

fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy

type of microscopy where you can see the image in colour

fluorensence microscopy

• can look at live specimens

• can create a 3-D image

• uses lasers

• real time imaging

• high resolution

• higher resolution

• specimen must be dead

• specimen is stained with heavy metals

  What are the two kinds of electron microscopy?

Election microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

• very thin sections

• images are black and white

• electrons pass through the specimen (light region)

• electrons that do not pass through the specimen (dark regions)

• no sectioning needed

• 3-D image only of the surface

• uses electrons

what do onion cells contain?

• cell wall

• nucleus

• nucleolus

• central vacuole

• cytoplasmic strand

• cellular granules

what are the three membrane-bound organelles plastids?

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

What colour are chloroplasts? due to what? What are they the site for?

green, chlorophylls, photosynthesis

What colours are chromoplasts? due to what?

yellow, orange, red, or dark purple. carotenoids.

What colour are Leucoplasts? what is their function?

they are non-pigmented plastids that function in the storage of starch, proteins, or fats (lipids)

What do green pepper cells contain?

• cell wall

• chloroplasts

• central vacuole

• nucleus

• nucleolus

What do red pepper cells contain?

• cell wall

• plasmodesmata (the little ‘bubbles’ between the of the cell wall)

• chromoplasts

• central vacuole

• nucleus

What does Tradescantia contain?

• cell wall

• leucoplasts

• central vacuole

What does bananas contain?

• cell wall

• starch grains

• cytoplasm

• striations

Functions of cell structure: cell wall

• provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress

• It allows cells to develop turgor pressure

Functions of cell structure: central vacuole

• holds materials and waste and also maintains proper pressure

• Found in the centre of plant cells

Functions of cell structure: chloroplast

• contain chlorophyll that traps sunlight, food for the plant

• Found in the leaves of the plant

Functions of cell structure: chromoplasts

• synthesis and stores caroteniod pigments in plants

Functions of cell structure: cilia

• used for locomotion and found on the outside of Eukaryotic cells

Functions of cell structure: contractile vacuole

• controls the intracellular water balance in plant cells

Functions of cell structure: cytoplasm

• gel-like fluid in the cell that allows the functions of the organelles to operate

Functions of cell structure: cytoskeleton microtubles and microfilaments

Microtubles- made of tublin

• maintains cell shape

• can be used for motility

  Microfilaments- made of actin and used to support the shape of the cell.

Functions of cell structure: Flagella

• used for locomotion

• found primarily in Prokaryotes

Functions of cell structure: food vacuole

• used to digest food

• present in unicellular structures e.g. amoeba

Functions of cell structure: golgi apparatus

• sorts and sends proteins to proper places

Functions of cell structure: leucoplast

• plastids that are composed of colourless organelles

• stores starch, lipids, and proteins

Functions of cell structure: lysosome

• responsible for digestion in Eukaryotic cells

Functions of cell structure: mitochondria

• located in the cytoplasm

• functions as eukaryotic cells digestive system

Functions of cell structure: Nucleolus

• found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

• makes ribosomes (made of protein and RNA)

Functions of cell structure: Nucleus

• stores the cells DNA

• facilitates transcription and replication

Functions of cell structure: plasma membrane

• separates the cell from the outside environment

Functions of cell structure: Ribosome

• found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

• In charge of protein synthesis

Functions of cell structure: rough ER

• produce proteins for the rest of the cell

Functions of cell structure: smooth ER

• lipid synthesis

Functions of cell structure: vesicle

• transports material of the cell

Anthocyanins

• blue, purple, and red pigments

• they are not plastids

• occurs in the central vacuole

In the spinach leaf experiment what was observed?

• cells that make up the leaves of a plant are specialized to carry out the process of photosynthesis

• the process occurs in specialized organelles called chloroplasts

• the intercellular spaces between cells carry carbon dioxide which enters through stomata.

• the byproduct of oxygen is produce

• when we put the discs in a vaccum, sodium bicarbonate solution filled the spaces between the cells, causing them to sink

• when we put some of the discs under the light, the process of photosynthesis occured creating oxygen

• the oxygen replaced the sodium bicarbonate between the cells, making the leaves float

What does a cheek cell contain?

• plasma membrane

• cytoplasm

• nucleus

Animal compared to plant cells

• both eukaryotic

• animal cells are usually colourless (have to stain them)

• plants have a cell wall