ap bio cell signaling

transcription factors

proteins that control the activity of a gene (turn on/off)

local regulators

ligands that only travel short distances

GPCR

g protein-coupled receptors - receptors that work w/ help of a g protein

RTKs

receptor tyrosine kinase - transfer phosphate groups from ATP to another protein

second messenger

small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules/ions that spread through a cell by diffusion

cAMP

cyclic AMP - second messenger, immediate effect is usually to activate protein kinase A

Ca2+

second messenger, a small change in ions represents a large percent change in concentration since its conc in cytosol is so much lower than outside the cell

conformer

internal condition changes w/ external changes

regulator

uses internal mechanisms to control internal change despite external changes

phosphorylation

transfer of a phosphate group to a protein from an ATP

dephosphorylation

removal of phosphates from proteins

transduction

conversion of signal to a response, usually involves amplification

local regulating signals

direct contact, gap junctions/plasmodesmata, free passage of substances through cytosol, short distances (paracrine signaling) and autocrine

evolutionary benefit

enables organisms to sense and respond to environment, coordinate functions

types of reception

juxtacrine, endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

juxtacrine examples